Effects of Ethanol on Multiple Fixed‐interval Fixed‐ratio Schedule Performances: Dynamic Interactions at Different Fixed‐ratio Values

Barrett, James E.; Stanley, Jennifer

doi:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-185

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The decreases observed in circularlights performance with alcohol in the present study are consistent with results from previous studies in which sedafives decreased rates on this device in normal and drug abuser populations (e.g., Griffiths et al 1983;Higgins and Stitzer 1986b) and are also consistent with the effects of alcohol in nonhumans responding under FR schedules (Katz and Barrett 1978;Barrett and Stanley 1980). Increases in response rate are sometimes observed under lower alcohol doses in the nonhuman studies, but were not observed using the circular-lights device in the present study.…”

Section: Discus$ionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of alcohol on speaking in isolated humans

Higgins

Stitzer

1988

Psychopharmacology

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Drugs of abuse often increase human social interaction, as is suggested in our cultural drug use practices and has been demonstrated in controlled laboratory studies. The environmental and pharmacological mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The present study examined the importance of a social context for obtaining drug-produced increases in human speech by examining the acute effects of alcohol (0, 22, 45, 67 g) on the amount of speech emitted by six normal volunteers who were producing speech monologues in an isolated context. A within-subject repeated-measures experimental design was used. Alcohol produced a significant dose-dependent increase in total speech. Conversely, response rates on a nonverbal behavioral task (circular-lights device) decreased as an orderly function of alcohol dose. These results suggest that a social context is not a necessary condition for alcohol to increase rates of human speech. Moreover, the decreases in response rates observed in the nonverbal task rule out the possibility that alcohol affected total speech via a generalized increase in overall activity levels.

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Section: Discus$ionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of alcohol on speaking in isolated humans

Higgins

Stitzer

1988

Psychopharmacology

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“…Ksir and McKearney (1978) compared effects of the related compound, promazine, under a multiple FI FR schedule with drug effects obtained under a primed Fl FR schedule (Ferster & Skinner, 1957 Waller (1961) also noted changes in effects of chlorpromazine on FI performances when conditions during the FR component were manipulated. Barrett and Stanley (1980) demonstrated a comparable phenomenon with ethanol. In these earlier experiments, the effects of drugs on FI responding were modified by the FR response requirement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Witkin

1986

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Effects of chlorpromazine (1 to 100 mg/kg) were assessed on two pigeons' responding under various modifications of a multiple schedule of food delivery. During a fixed-interval component, the first response after 5 min produced food; during the subsequent, fixed-ratio component, the 30th response produced food. Modifications of the schedule entailed changes in stimulus conditions imposed during the fixed-ratio component that did not systematically alter characteristics of performance under nondrug conditions. In the first phase of the experiment, distinctive visual stimuli were correlated with each schedule component (conventional multiple schedule); chlorpromazine produced small decreases in fixed-ratio responding (20% at 30 mg/kg). When each response during the fixed-ratio component produced the stimulus correlated with the fixed-interval schedule (fixed-interval discriminative stimulus) for 1.2 s, effects of chlorpromazine were not different from those under the conventional multiple schedule. Chlorpromazine produced greater decreases in fixed-ratio responding (55% at 30 mg/kg) when either the first response of each fixed ratio changed the stimulus correlated with the fixed-ratio schedule to the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus for the remainder of the fixed-ratio component, or when the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus was presented independently of responding according to a matched temporal sequence. When the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus was present continuously during the fixed-ratio component (mixed schedule), chlorpromazine produced even more substantial decreases in fixed-ratio responding (greater than 80% at 30 mg/kg). Effects of chlorpromazine on fixed-interval responding were also modified by the schedules of fixed-interval discriminative stimulus presentation. The effects of chlorpromazine were a joint function of the stimuli prevailing during the multiple schedule and the degree to which responding influenced these stimuli.Key uvxrds: chlorpromazine, fixed-ratio schedules, fixed-interval schedules, multiple schedules, mixed schedules, stimulus control, discriminative stimuli, pigeons Behavioral effects of drugs can be altered by the stimuli prevailing at the time of drug administration (cf. Laties, 1975;Thompson, 1978). For example, in pigeons, chlorpromazine produces very little change in fixed-ratio responding under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio (multiple FI FR) schedule across a range of doses that markedly decrease FR responding under a comparable mixed FI FR schedule (Leander & McMillan, 1974), even when performances under the two conditions are made quite similar (Leander, 1981a 20307-5100. stimuli are correlated with each schedule component. A mixed FI FR schedule provides reinforcement according to the identical response contingencies as a multiple FI FR schedule, but the same stimulus is present during both FI and FR components (Ferster & Skinner, 1957).The present study was initiated when it was observed that chlorpromazine only marginally decreased FR re...

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“…In general, the behavioral performances and the pharmacological results under such multiple schedules are comparable with those observed when they are studied in isolation, although interactions between components of multiple schedules have been noted both behaviorally (Reynolds, 1961) and pharmacologically (Barrett and Stanley, 1980;Barrett et al, 1989). The second article in the series on Studies on Behavior examined the effects of pentobarbital, methamphetamine, and scopolamine on discriminative performances, again in pigeons (Dews, 1955b).…”

Section: Studies On Behavior II the Effects Of Pentobarbital Methamentioning

confidence: 92%

Peter B. Dews and Pharmacological Studies on Behavior

Barrett¹,

Bergman²

2008

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The publications by Peter B. Dews of a series of five articles entitled "Studies on Behavior", beginning in 1955 and ending in 1959, were contributions of extraordinary significance in laying a foundation for the emergence of the discipline of behavioral pharmacology. The series of articles were rigorous in their approach, dramatic in terms of the results, and provocative in their implications. Published at the near half-century mark of

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Effects of Ethanol on Multiple Fixed‐interval Fixed‐ratio Schedule Performances: Dynamic Interactions at Different Fixed‐ratio Values

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of alcohol on speaking in isolated humans

Effects of alcohol on speaking in isolated humans

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Peter B. Dews and Pharmacological Studies on Behavior

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