Effects of exercise in hot and humid conditions and bovine colostrum on salivary immune markers

McKenna, Zachary; Berkemeier, Quint; Gorini, Felipe; Kuennen, Matthew R.; Naylor, Ashley; Kleint, Austin; Gillum, Trevor

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102717

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Studies have rarely investigated if changes in the sAMPs response (e.g., sAA and sLac) alter susceptibility to infection. In our experiment, the participants consumed caffeine (6 mg/kg) and subsequently exercised in a hot environment for 40 min, causing an increase in T re of about 1°C (T re > 38°C at the end of the exercise, Figure 4 ) and in sLac concentration in both trials, which is consistent with the findings of McKenna et al ( 24 ). Another study also showed that sLac concentration increased in eight participants after 45 min of running on a treadmill at 75% VO 2m ax ( 42 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…It has been shown that increased sympathetic excitation during exercise in a hot environment (>30 ° C) can cause dehydration, decreasing salivary flow rate, which subsequently decreases mucosal surface sAMPs concentration and increases the risk of URTI ( 21 – 23 ). A study reported that 10 healthy men showed increased sLac concentrations after running on a treadmill in a hot and humid environment (40°C and 50% relative humidity) at a 95% ventilatory threshold ( 24 ). In addition, sAA activity increased in eight males after running at 60% VO 2m ax for 2 h for 7 consecutive days at 34 ° C and 32% relative humidity ( 25 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat

Cheng

Wang²,

Han³

2022

Front. Nutr.

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Caffeine is commonly used by athletes as an energy supplement, but studies on its effects on salivary antimicrobial proteins (sAMPs) in humans during exercise are rare with ambiguous findings. It is also still controversial whether hot environments affect sAMPs. Using a double-blind, randomized crossover design, we examined 12 endurance-trained male collegiate athletes who completed the following two experiments: a caffeine experiment (CAF) and a placebo experiment (PLA). The participants acutely consumed caffeine-containing (6 mg/kg body weight) sports drink (3 ml/kg body weight) or an equivalent amount of placebo sports drink and subsequently performed cycling exercise for 40 min in the heat (33 ± 0.24°C, 64 ± 2.50% relative humidity) at 50% of maximum output power, maintaining a pedal frequency of 60 rpm. Saliva was collected at 60 min pre-exercise (T–60), the start of exercise (T0), 20 min of exercise (T20), and the end of the exercise (T40), and salivary α-amylase (sAA) and lactoferrin (sLac) were tested. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured at T0–T40, while core body temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Tre, HR, and RPE increased with time during the exercise (p < 0.01), with no difference in Tre and HR between the CAF and PLA (p > 0.05), but RPE was higher in the PLA than in the CAF (p < 0.05). sLac concentrations were significantly higher at T20 and T40 than at T–60 (p < 0.01) and higher at T40 than at T0 and T20 (p < 0.01), with no difference between the CAF and PLA (p > 0.05). Compared with T–60, sAA activity was significantly increased at T0, T20, and T40 (p < 0.01). sAA activity was significantly higher at T40 than at T0 and T20 (p < 0.01), at T20 than at T0 (p < 0.05), and in the CAF than in the PLA (p < 0.01). Heat stress caused by acute exercise in hot environments did not impair the sAMPs parameters of the participants. Instead, the participants showed transient increase in sAA activity and unchanged sLac concentrations. Caffeine may increase salivary markers related to immune response during exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat

Cheng

Wang²,

Han³

2022

Front. Nutr.

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“…3 and 4) was not significantly different between and within groups. In agreement with our study findings, several other studies also reported similar findings [18,19,20]. Nevertheless, these previous studies were conducted among athletes and non-smoking population.…”

Section: Salivary Lactoferrin Concentration and Secretion Ratesupporting

confidence: 93%

Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Ahmad

Exercise

Muhamad

2021

JST

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Smoking can weaken immune function as reported in previous studies. However, benefits of exercise in reducing negative effects of smoking on salivary lactoferrin responses is scarce to date. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the effects of an acute bout of exercise on salivary lactoferrin responses among smokers and non-smokers. Eighteen sedentary men were recruited; nine smokers (age = 22.4 ± 1.4 years; BMI = 22.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and nine non-smokers (age = 22.1 ± 0.7 years old; BMI = 22.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2). In this study, participants cycled at an intensity of 60% maximum heart rate for 60 minutes. Participants were given cool water as much as 3 ml/kg body weight at minutes 20 and 40 during the exercise session. Participants’ body weight and saliva samples were collected at pre and post-exercise. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at pre, during and post-exercise. Mixed ANOVA was used to measure significant differences between groups and within group. The results showed that saliva flow rate, lactoferrin concentration and lactoferrin secretion rate were not significantly different (p>0.05) between smokers and non-smokers groups and also between pre and post-exercise within each group. Heart rate and RPE showed significant increased (p<0.05) during the exercise session in both groups. As a conclusion, acute bout of exercised does not affect salivary lactoferrin responses among sedentary smokers and non-smokers men.

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“…For instance, Sadeghirad et al [ 121 ] did not observe any significant effect of colostrum from human and bovine colostrum on necrotizing enterocolitis. Another study conducted by McKenna et al [ 122 ] revealed that supplementation of BC does not improve salivary lysozyme and LF at rest and in postexercise conditions. Furthermore, well-designed, placebo-controlled, and randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the long-term safety, effectiveness, and optimal doses of BC supplements.…”

Section: Current Evidence Of Therapeutic Use Of Bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements

et al. 2022

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Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial mammary secretion after parturition, which is nature’s bountiful source consisting of nutritional and bioactive components present in a highly concentrated low-volume format. All mammalian newborns require colostrum to enhance physiological processes such as lifelong immunity, gastrointestinal development, and resistance to microbial infections. The genetic, environmental, and processing methods can all have an impact on the biochemical contents of BC and its supplements. BC and its derivatives have been intensively researched for their potential use in functional foods, medicines, and animal feed. Evidence from clinical studies suggests that BC products are well-tolerated, nontoxic, and safe for human ingestion. Functional foods, feed, and pharmaceutical formulations based on bovine colostrum are playing noteworthy roles in the development of innovative products for promoting health and the prevention of chronic illnesses. This systematic review sheds light on recent research on (a) the effects of processing techniques on BC components, (b) emerging techniques used in the isolation and identification of novel components, (c) BC-based functional foods for human consumption and animal feed supplements, and (d) the role of BC in current drug delivery, as well as future recommendations.

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Effects of exercise in hot and humid conditions and bovine colostrum on salivary immune markers

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat

Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat

Effects of an Acute Bout of Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin Responses among Smokers and Non-Smokers

Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements

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