Effects of Exercise on Ocular Physiology and Disease

Gale, Jesse; Wells, Anthony P; Wilson, Graham M.

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.02.005

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Physical fitness has been shown to decrease IOP temporarily. Exercise has an effect on decreasing IOP because of lower norepinephrine concentrations, increased colloid osmotic pressure, coaction of nitric oxide, endothelin, and a β 2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism [43, 44]. Almost all obese patients with glaucoma and elevated IOP possibly are related to this mechanism because most obese patients undertake little exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Adiposity and the Risk of Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

Liu

Ling

Chen

et al. 2017

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the potential association between adiposity and glaucoma incidence. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed and ISI Web of Science. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA software. Results Fifteen eligible studies involving 2,445,980 individuals were included to investigate the association between adiposity and glaucoma incidence. The relative risks (RRs) were pooled with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using a random-effects model. The pooled RR between adiposity and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was 1.73 (95% CI, 1.18–2.54), whereas that between adiposity and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.83–1.13). The pooled RR between abdominal adiposity and glaucoma was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.15–1.41), whereas that between general adiposity and glaucoma was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.87–1.37). Results of subgroup analysis by sex indicated the association between adiposity and glaucoma in the female group (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05–1.64), but not in the male group (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.77–1.60). The pooled RR of cohort studies and cross-sectional studies were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.84–1.20) and 1.22 (95% CI, 0.89–1.66), respectively. Conclusions Adiposity has a higher risk of elevated IOP, and abdominal adiposity has a positive association with glaucoma, especially in female patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Adiposity and the Risk of Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

Liu

Ling

Chen

et al. 2017

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Studies have shown that aerobic training is responsible for a transitory IOP-lowering effect, while anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting, may transiently elevate the IOP. 5, 26 However, little is known about the long-term effects of sustained physical activity on IOP. Similarly to the astronauts on the International Space Station, 14 our exercise subjects completed a combined aerobic and anaerobic training program designed to preserve the musculoskeletal function and minimize the cardiovascular deconditioning induced by 70-day bed rest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With regard to intraocular pressure (IOP), available studies suggest opposite effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on IOP (i.e., a transitory reduction in IOP after aerobic training, such as jogging, versus a transient IOP increase following anaerobic exercise, such as weightlifting). 5, 26 Since the iRAT protocol combined aerobic and anaerobic training, we hypothesized that IOP changes from baseline would not be different between subjects who did and who did not engage in exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological Evaluation of Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training During 70-Day Bed Rest

Taibbi

Cromwell

Zanello

et al. 2017

aerosp med hum perform

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INTRODUCTION We evaluated ophthalmic changes in healthy individuals who underwent integrated resistance and aerobic training (iRAT) during 70-day 6° head-down-tilt (HDT) bed rest (BR). METHODS Participants were selected using NASA standard screening procedures. Standardized NASA BR conditions were implemented. Subjects were randomly assigned to the iRAT protocol or no exercise during HDTBR. Weekly ophthalmic examinations were performed in the sitting (pre/post-BR only) and HDT (BR only) positions. Mixed-effects linear models compared pre and post-HDTBR intraocular pressure (IOP), Spectralis OCT circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) and peripapillary retinal thickness observations between groups. RESULTS Six controls and nine exercisers completed the study. There was an overall effect of BR on our outcomes. Except Goldmann IOP (mean pre/post difference in controls and exercisers: −0.47mmHg versus +1.14mmHg), the magnitude of changes from baseline was not significantly different between groups. There was a +1.38mmHg and a +1.63mmHg iCare IOP increase during BR in controls and exercisers, respectively. Spectralis OCT detected a +1.33μm average cpRNFLT increase in both groups, a +9.77μm and a +6.65μm peripapillary retinal thickening post-BR in controls and exercisers, respectively. Modified Amsler grid, red dot test, confrontational visual field, color vision, and stereoscopic fundus photography were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS Seventy-day HDTBR induced peripapillary retinal thickening and cpRNFL thickening without visible signs of optic disc edema. The magnitude of such changes was not different between controls and exercisers. A slight IOP increase during BR subsided post-BR. Further study should evaluate whether different physical exercise paradigms may prevent/mitigate the risk of space-related visual impairment.

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“…Ocular profusion pressure has been reported to increase by 40-60% during strenuous exercise. 8 The increase in ocular profusion pressure may overwhelm the ocular vasculature and decrease adequate venous drainage leading to hemostasis. In addition, runners can be dehydrated during activity, which increases blood viscosity and contributes to decreased blood flow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marathon Runner’s Retinopathy

Labriola

Friberg

Hein

2009

Seminars in Ophthalmology

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Strenuous exercise increases activated platelets and other clotting factor elements. During exercise, this increase in clotting factors in the coagulation cascade is usually balanced by activation of key elements in the fibrinolysis cascade as well. However, certain individuals, especially those who already have a predisposition to clotting or other thrombogenic risk factors may disrupt the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis during strenuous exercise favoring coagulation which places them at risk for thrombus formation.

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Effects of Exercise on Ocular Physiology and Disease

Cited by 29 publications

References 72 publications

The Association between Adiposity and the Risk of Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

The Association between Adiposity and the Risk of Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

Ophthalmological Evaluation of Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training During 70-Day Bed Rest

Marathon Runner’s Retinopathy

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