Effects of exercise training in the elderly: impact of progressive-resistance training on skeletal muscle and whole-body protein metabolism

Fielding, Roger A.

doi:10.1079/pns19950066

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Compared to our study, a great reduction in the energy consumption from 2001-2015 (20%) due to the crisis in the country. 43,44 . But nowadays and in our study, a change has occurred in the caloric profile to be similar to the Mediterranean countries, our profile is the same that has been observed in the whole Spanish population 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Adequacy Index in Young People in Syria

Atasi¹

2016

AJPRHC

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Objective: To assess, the degree of adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MD) in Syrian young people, and studying the effect of some variables on Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) value and its comparison with other studies in Spain and Mediterranean area. Background: It has been observed that the Syrian population, especially the young ones, are abandoning the (MD), which affects in long term their health, the same has been observed in Spanish youth. The longitudinal study of the "seven counties" involved active rural population in Italy, was firstly demonstrated the progressively abandoning of MD. Methods:The sample under the study was 204 young people (41.7% men and 58.3% women) in the area of Damascus (65% were students). They filled in a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, then the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) was computed by dividing the sum in gram of typical Mediterranean food Groups (Cereals, Legumes, Fruits, Fish), by the sum in gram of non-typical Mediterranean food groups (Meats, Eggs, Cookies and cakes, dairy). It was used the SPSS program to study the correlation between the variables and MAI of the sample. Results: The average MAI of the young sample was (1.17) which is lower than another study in Spanish young people and much lower than 7.2 in Italy several decades ago. Those results demonstrated that the young Syrian are abandoning the Mediterranean Diet as well as the Spanish young people. The caloric profile has changed over time that results in lower consumption of carbohydrates and higher consumption of protein and lipids, similar to almost Mediterranean area. Moreover the war has an impact on the type of food consumed which affect MAI. The lipid profile (measured by the cocient of intake of Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) divided by Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) of the sample was 3.71 better than other studies in Spain 1,69, 1,71 (the recommended value should be > 2). This illustrates a moderate consumption of olive and vegetable oil, but poor consumption of meat and eggs in contrast of Spanish diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Adequacy Index in Young People in Syria

Atasi¹

2016

AJPRHC

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“…The reduction of protein compartments, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, stem cells, antigens, antibodies, hormones, enzymes and others, contributes to impaired wound and fracture healing, loss of skin elasticity, an inability to fight infection, muscle weakness potentially leading to falls, decreases in functional capacity, and an inability to maintain tissue integrity [3,4]. These changes may have a profound effect on the health and well-being of older adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Protein and Older Adults

Chernoff

2004

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

114

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Body composition changes as people get older. One of the noteworthy alterations is the reduction in total body protein. A decrease in skeletal muscle is the most noticeable manifestation of this change but there is also a reduction in other physiologic proteins such as organ tissue, blood components, and immune bodies as well as declines in total body potassium and water. This contributes to impaired wound healing, loss of skin elasticity, and an inability to fight infection. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults for protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Protein tissue accounts for 30% of whole-body protein turnover but that rate declines to 20% or less by age 70. The result of this phenomenon is that older adults require more protein/kilogram body weight than do younger adults. Recently, it has become clear that the requirement for exogenous protein is at least 1.0 gram/kilogram body weight. Adequate dietary intake of protein may be more difficult for older adults to obtain. Dietary animal protein is the primary source of high biological value protein, iron, vitamin B(12), folic acid, biotin and other essential nutrients. In fact, egg protein is the standard against which all other proteins are compared. Compared to other high-quality protein sources like meat, poultry and seafood, eggs are the least expensive. The importance of dietary protein cannot be underestimated in the diets of older adults; inadequate protein intake contributes to a decrease in reserve capacity, increased skin fragility, decreased immune function, poorer healing, and longer recuperation from illness.

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“…As it has been known for many years that strength training is quite effective in restoring the age-related losses in muscle mass and function (8)(9)(10) it is generally assumed that the main determinant of sarcopenia appears to be the decline in resistance-type physical activities (8,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) . While the atrophy of disuse, such as occurs with protracted bed rest is well described (8,10,16) it is less clear cut as to the extent to which variation in levels of physical activity within the normal population influences sarcopenia, mainly because of the difficulty of measurement.…”

Section: Inactivity: Energy Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and sarcopenia: evidence for an interaction

Millward

2012

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Nutritional interventions that might influence sarcopenia, as indicated by literature reporting on sarcopenia per se as well as dynapenia and frailty, are reviewed in relation to potential physiological aetiological factors, i.e. inactivity, anabolic resistance, inflammation, acidosis and vitamin D deficiency. As sarcopenia occurs in physically active and presumably well-nourished populations, it is argued that a simple nutritional aetiology is unlikely and unequivocal evidence for any nutritional influence is extremely limited. Dietary protein is probably the most widely researched nutrient but only for frailty is there one study showing evidence of an aetiological influence and most intervention studies with protein or amino acids have proved ineffective with only a very few exceptions. Fish oil has been shown to attenuate anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis in one study. There is limited evidence for a protective influence of antioxidants and inducers of phase 2 proteins on sarcopenia, dynapenia and anabolic resistance in human and animal studies. Also fruit and vegetables may protect against acidosis-induced sarcopenia through their provision of dietary potassium. While severe vitamin D deficiency is associated with dynapenia and sarcopenia, the evidence for a beneficial influence of increasing vitamin D status above the severe deficiency level is limited and controversial, especially in men. On this basis there is insufficient evidence for any more specific nutritional advice than that contained in the general healthy lifestyle-healthy diet message: i.e. avoiding inactivity and low intakes of food energy and nutrients and maintain an active lifestyle with a diet providing a rich supply of fruit and vegetables and frequent oily fish. Aging: Dynapenia: Inactivity: Anabolic resistance: DietIn a recent consensus paper sarcopenia (1) was defined as the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, a complex syndrome associated with muscle mass loss alone or in conjunction with increased fat mass. It was argued that although cachexia may be a component of sarcopenia, the two conditions are not the same. What was not discussed in this paper was the difference between sarcopenia and dynapenia which is important in terms of the clinical relevance of the condition. Thus Jansonn (2) points out that the data on the functional implications of sarcopenia are inconsistent, possibly because we do not always recognise the distinction between sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass and dynapenia and loss of muscle strength. These, he argues, are physiologically different with dynapenia the main predictor of functional impairment and/or physical disability, chronic disease and mortality risk, to the extent that research and clinical emphasis should be placed more on dynapenia than on sarcopenia. In fact this argument can, to some extent be extended to include frailty, a much more general term for a collection

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Effects of exercise training in the elderly: impact of progressive-resistance training on skeletal muscle and whole-body protein metabolism

Cited by 30 publications

References 53 publications

Mediterranean Adequacy Index in Young People in Syria

Mediterranean Adequacy Index in Young People in Syria

Protein and Older Adults

Nutrition and sarcopenia: evidence for an interaction

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