Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone on Milk Production and Nutrient Uptake by Muscle and Mammary Tissues of Dairy Cows in Mid-lactation

McDowell, GH; Gooden, J. M.; Leenanuruksa, D; Jois, Markandeya; English, A. W.

doi:10.1071/bi9870295

Cited by 67 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In that study, milk lactose production represented a major use of lost glucose. McDowell et al (1987b) demonstrated that rbGH treatments reduced glucose uptake by the hindlimb muscle and increased glucose uptake by the mammary gland, lending further support that diabetogenesis is an inherent property ofthe rbGH molecule (Hart et al 1984). We additionally propose that IGF-I plays a fundamental role in the diabetogenic activities of rbGH.…”

Section: Effects Of Growth Hormone On Body Conditionmentioning

confidence: 79%

A review of bovine growth hormone

Burton¹,

McBride²,

Block³

et al. 1994

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

132

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. 74: 16'7-201. Unprecedented numbers of technical papers, abstracts, and short communications have been published in the past decade regarding the effects of exogenous bovine growth hormone on milk production, health, and reproductive efficiency of treated dairy cows. In well-managed dairy herds, exogenous growth hormone increases milk production without altering normal variability in milk composition. This has held true regardless of dairy breed tested, geographical location studied, or feeding management system used. Also consistent across studies is the rapidity of the galactopoietic effect of administered bovine growth hormone, which arises from altered partitioning and use of post-absorptive nutrients and increased synthetic capacity of the mammary gland. Growth hormone and its associated peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, are now known to provide chronic lipolytic, diabetogenic, and gluconeogenic signals to target tissues culminating in increased mammary gland availability of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. Together with yet ill-defined effects on mammary secretory tissue, this homeorhetic control of metabolism elicited by exogenous growth hormone is so efficient that treated cows are not more susceptible to metabolic disorders than untreated cows. However, some studies have reported an increased frequency of mastitis in groups of treated cows. This has been attributed mainly to increased milk volume in the mammary glands of treated cows and no convincing data are available that show decreased mammary gland immunity as a result of growth hormone treatments. On the contrary, an expanding body of evidence implicates growth hormone as a key neuroendocrine factor that is required for immunological competence. Trends of decreased reproductive efficiency in cows treated with growth hormone have also been reported, but available data imply that this is probably an indirect effect via prolonged negative energy balance in cows treated in early lactation rather than a direct negative effect on estrous cycling via altered reproductive hormone profiles. The objectives of the present review are to bring into focus and summarize pertinent biological discoveries regarding the treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine growth hormone, and to explore areas where additional growth hormone research is needed or warranted.Key words: Growth hormone, somatotropin, dairy cows, insulin-like growth factor-I Burton, J. L., McBride, B. W., Block, E., Glimm, D. et Kennelly,E. 1994. L'horrnone de croissance bovinemais au point bibliographique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74: . D'innombrables m6moires techniques, r6sum6s analytiques et communications brdves ont 6t6 publi6s dans la dernidre d6cennie au sujet des effets de I'hormone de croissance bovine exogdne sur la production laitidre, sur la sant6 et sur les fonctions de reproduction des vaches laitidres trait6es. Dans les 6levages laitiers bien conduits, la GH exogbne accroit la production de lait sans modifier la variabilit6 normale de sa composition, et cela inddpendamme...

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Section: Effects Of Growth Hormone On Body Conditionmentioning

confidence: 79%

A review of bovine growth hormone

Burton¹,

McBride²,

Block³

et al. 1994

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

132

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“…1984) when administered over short periods of several days. In such short-term studies it has been shown 0004-9417/88/030357$03.00 that nutrient utilization in the body as a whole McDowell et al 1987b) and in muscle and mammary tissues (McDowell et al 1987a(McDowell et al , 1988 is altered by GH so as to increase the supply of nutrients for milk synthesis as was suggested originally by Bauman and Currie (1980) and Bines and Hart (1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma glucose and NEFA, blood acetate, lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate and plasma insulin and growth hormone were measured using the procedures outlined by McDowell et al (1987aMcDowell et al ( , 1988.…”

Section: Metabolites and Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Lactating Ewes to Exogenous Growth Hormone: Short- and Long-term Effects on Productivity and Tissue Utilization of Key Metabolites

Sandles¹,

Sun²,

D'Cruz³

et al. 1988

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Responses to daily injections of bovine growth hormone (GH, 0·15 mg kg-1 liveweight), beginning on day 10 of lactation, were measured in lactating ewes. Milk yields of GH-treated ewes increased soon after commencement of injections and continued to increase for some 25 days before reaching plateau levels. By comparison, yields of ewes injected with excipient (controls) decreased over the experiment. There was a tendency for contents of milk fat to be higher and milk protein to be lower for GH-treated than for control ewes during the first 15-20 days after injections were started.At the beginning and over the first 15-20 days of the experiment feed intakes of both groups of ewes were similar, but thereafter intakes of GH-treated ewes gradually increased to reach plateau levels some 2OG-300 g day-l higher than for control ewes by about day 35. Liveweights of both groups of ewes decreased during the first 2 weeks of treatment then increased, with GH-treated ewes losing, then gaining, more weight than control ewes. The efficiency of food utilization for milk production was higher for GH-treated than control ewes throughout the experiment but digestibility of food organic matter was not different during the eighth week of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, body composition, assessed by dilution of tritiated water, was similar for both groups of ewes. Differences in milk production were not sustained after withdrawal of GH injections.Measurements of tissue uptake of key metabolites were made on days 3 and 45 of GH treatment. On day 3, GH lowered uptake of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids by leg muscle tissue and increased mammary uptake of non-esterified fatty acids. By day 45 there were no apparent differences of tissue uptake of key metabolites.The results indicate that there is a biphasic response to exogenous GH in the lactating ruminant. It appears that initially GH affects nutrient partition thereby increasing supplies to the mammary gland of key nutrients for milk synthesis. In the longer term, GH increases feed intake, which provides sufficient nutrients to sustain increased milk production and also Iiveweight gain.Extra keywords: Milk yield and composition, feed intake and digestibility, Iiveweight and body composition, arterial metabolites and hormones, arterio-venous differences, leg muscle and mammary tissue, non-esterified fatty acid kinetics, tissue blood flow.

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“…It indicates that both cooled and noncooled cows were in positive energy balance. These findings would not affect the irreversible loss of glucose, which has been shown to increase in cows with negative energy balance (McDowell et al, 1987). The reversible turnover rate of [3-3 H] glucose represents the total glucose turnover rate as the 3 H is not recycled from products of partial glucose degradation (Katz et al, 1965).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Cooling and Supplemental Bovine Somatotropin on Milk Production relating to Body Glucose Metabolism and Utilization of Glucose by the Mammary Gland in Crossbred Holstein Cattle

Sitprija¹

2010

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Problem statement:The low milk yield and shorter persistency of lactation of dairy cattle is the major problem for the dairy practices in the tropics. High environmental temperatures and rapid decline of plasma growth hormone level can influence milk production. Regulation of the milk yield of animals is mainly based on the mechanisms governing the quantity of glucose extracted by the mammary gland for lactose biosynthetic pathways. The mechanism(s) underlying the effects of cooling and supplemental bovine somatotropin on milk production relating to body glucose metabolism and intracellular metabolism of glucose in the mammary gland of crossbred Holstein cattle in the tropics have not been investigated to date. Approach: Ten crossbred 87.5% Holstein cows were divided into two groups of five animals each. Animals were housed in Normal Shade barn (NS) as non-cooled cows and cows in the second group were housed in barn which was equipped with a two Misty-Fan cooling system (MF) as cooled cows. Supplementation of recombinant bovine Somatotropin (rbST) (POSILAC, 500 mg per cow) were performed in both groups to study body glucose metabolism and the utilization of glucose in the mammary gland using a continuous infusion of [3-3 H] glucose and [U-14 C] glucose as markers in early, mid and late stages of lactation. Results: Milk yield significantly increased in both groups during supplemental rbST with a high level of mammary blood flow. Body glucose turnover rates were not significant different between cooled and non-cooled cows whether supplemental rbST or not. The glucose taken up by the mammary gland of both non-cooled and cooled cows increased flux through the lactose synthesis and the pentose cycle pathway with significant increases in NADPH formation for fatty acid synthesis during rbST supplementation. The utilization of glucose carbon incorporation into milk appeared to increase in milk lactose and milk triacylglycerol but not for milk citrate during supplemental rbST in both non-cooled and cooled cows in early and mid lactation. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that local changes for biosynthetic capacity within the mammary gland would be a factor in identification of the utilization of substrates in the rate of decline in milk yield. The proportion of glucose was metabolized less for lactose synthesis, but metabolized more via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as lactation advanced to late lactation in both cooled and non-cooled cows whether supplemental rbST or not.

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Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone on Milk Production and Nutrient Uptake by Muscle and Mammary Tissues of Dairy Cows in Mid-lactation

Cited by 67 publications

References 19 publications

A review of bovine growth hormone

A review of bovine growth hormone

Responses of Lactating Ewes to Exogenous Growth Hormone: Short- and Long-term Effects on Productivity and Tissue Utilization of Key Metabolites

Effects of Cooling and Supplemental Bovine Somatotropin on Milk Production relating to Body Glucose Metabolism and Utilization of Glucose by the Mammary Gland in Crossbred Holstein Cattle

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