Effects of explosion energy and depth to the formation of blast wave and crater: Field Explosion Experiment for the understanding of volcanic explosion

Goto, Akio; Taniguchi, Hiroki; Yoshida, Mitsutoshi; Ohba, Takayoshi; Oshima, Hiromitsu

doi:10.1029/2001gl013213

Cited by 81 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The time axes are normalized assuming the cubic root scaling law, t s = t/E 1/3 , where t is the real time and t s is the scaled time [Goto et al, 2001]. The same features of the underwater pressure waves described in the literature [Cole, 1948] are observed in the present data.…”

Section: Pressure Wavessupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The waveforms of the bubble pulses are also similar for the same scaled depth, even though the period of the bubble pulse is not scaled by E 1/3 because of the influence of hydrostatic pressure. The scaled depth similarity of the airwave waveforms has also been reported for previous underground explosion experiments [Goto et al, 2001;Taniguchi et al, 1999]. Some examples are shown in Figure 10 and some have been published [Goto et al, 2001].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…It has been found the peak pressure of the shock wave is well approximated by a function of r/E 1/3 for the range of 0.006 (r/E 1/3 ) 0.12 m/J 1/3 [Cole, 1948]. The concept of the scaled depth that is used in the present and preceding studies [Goto et al, 2001;Ohba et al, 2002] is based on this similarity nature of the wave field [Cole, 1948].…”

Section: A Brief Review Of Underwater Explosion Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They presented similarity laws using the cubic root of the explosion energy (E 1/3 ) in scaling the amplitude and waveform of the airwave, the crater diameter, and the material ejection. They then characterized the observed surface phenomena in terms of the scaled depth: D s = d/E 1/3 , where d is the depth of the explosion [Goto et al, 2001;Ohba et al, 2002]. The scaling laws were applied to phreatic explosions at Usu Volcano in 2000 to connect the surface phenomena (airwaves and ejection styles) to the explosion sources (energy and depth) [Yokoo et al, 2002].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6] A group of researchers carried out underground explosion experiments using dynamite to experimentally determine the relationship between the explosion source and the associated surface phenomena [Goto et al, 2001;Ohba et al, 2002]. They presented similarity laws using the cubic root of the explosion energy (E 1/3 ) in scaling the amplitude and waveform of the airwave, the crater diameter, and the material ejection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airwaves generated by an underwater explosion: Implications for volcanic infrasound

et al. 2009

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[1] A shallow explosion in a fluid is one of the fundamental processes of airwave generation in volcanic eruptions. To better understand the mechanism of the airwave generation, underwater explosion experiments were conducted. Although the underwater explosions have been intensely studied over the last century, airwaves have received little attention. In this study, pressure waves were measured in air and under water, and the corresponding motion of the water surface was captured by a high-speed video camera. Airwaves and associated styles of the surface motion show similarities determined by the scaled depth, defined as the depth divided by the cubic root of the explosion energy. The air waveforms are quite different from the pressure waves measured in the water and cannot be completely explained by linear transmission of pressure waves from water to air. The mechanism of airwave generation is a combination of wave transmission and dynamics of the interface boundary. The first mechanism directly reflects the explosion source, and the same source is also observed as the underwater pressure waves. On the other hand, the second is not necessarily visible in the underwater pressure waves but will provide information on the mechanical properties and behavior of the material above the explosion source. Each mechanism is analyzed in the experiments.

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Section: Pressure Wavessupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: A Brief Review Of Underwater Explosion Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airwaves generated by an underwater explosion: Implications for volcanic infrasound

et al. 2009

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Maar‐diatreme geometry and deposits: Subsurface blast experiments with variable explosion depth

Graettinger

Valentine

Sonder

et al. 2014

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Basaltic maar-diatreme volcanoes, which have craters cut into preeruption landscapes (maars) underlain by downward-tapering bodies of fragmental material commonly cut by hypabyssal intrusions (diatremes), are produced by multiple subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions. Although many maardiatremes have been studied, the link between explosion dynamics and the resulting deposit architecture is still poorly understood. Scaled experiments employed multiple buried explosions of known energies and depths within layered aggregates in order to assess the effects of explosion depth, and the morphology and compaction of the host on the distribution of host materials in resulting ejecta, the development of subcrater structures and deposits, and the relationships between them. Experimental craters were 1-2 m wide. Analysis of high-speed video shows that explosion jets had heights and shapes that were strongly influenced by scaled depth (physical depth scaled against explosion energy) and by the presence or absence of a crater. Jet properties in turn controlled the distribution of ejecta deposits outside the craters, and we infer that this is also reflected in the diverse range of deposit types at natural maars. Ejecta were dominated by material that originated above the explosion site, and the shallowest material was dispersed the farthest. Subcrater deposits illustrate progressive vertical mixing of host materials through successive explosions. We conclude that the progressive appearance of deeper-seated material stratigraphically upward in deposits of natural maars probably records the length and time scale for upward mixing through multiple explosions with ejection by shallow blasts, rather than progressive deepening of explosion sites in response to draw down of aquifers.

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Modeling shock waves generated by explosive volcanic eruptions

Médici

Allen

Waite

2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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Atmospheric shock waves induced by explosive volcanic eruptions can provide valuable information about eruption characteristics. Shock waves are manifested as pressure-density gradients that can be remotely observed with relatively little noise. Field measurements of expanding shock waves can be directly recorded by pressure transducers or imaged under the proper illumination and atmospheric conditions. In this paper, an open-ended shock tube was used to generate weak shock waves in the laboratory that are representative of explosive volcanic eruptions. They indicate that strong shock wave theory can be used for modeling moderate volcanic eruptions. Based on that finding, we use strong shock theory to estimate the sudden explosive energy released from several explosive eruptions. Our energy calculations are well correlated with total energy estimates derived from plume height or erupted mass.

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Effects of explosion energy and depth to the formation of blast wave and crater: Field Explosion Experiment for the understanding of volcanic explosion

Cited by 81 publications

References 6 publications

Airwaves generated by an underwater explosion: Implications for volcanic infrasound

Airwaves generated by an underwater explosion: Implications for volcanic infrasound

Maar‐diatreme geometry and deposits: Subsurface blast experiments with variable explosion depth

Modeling shock waves generated by explosive volcanic eruptions

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