“…It has been associated with factors such as nulliparity, increased gestation, young maternal age, low education or socio-economic level, negative stories about childbirth, pre-existing psychological problems, lack of social support, a history of abuse or problems in sexuality, non-functional relationships, low assertiveness or self-esteem, graeat number of daily stressors, ethnicity, unplanned pregnancies, having a sick or handicapped child, being left alone in a labour ward, unfriendly staff in maternity hospital, fear of death, loss of control, pain during birth and unbearable pain, undergo emergency cesarean section, episiotomy, vacuum extraction, ruptures, a previous operative delivery or adverse perinatal outcome, disappointment with previous vaginal birth and lack of knowledge, not attending the childbirth preparation classes. 9,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Hülya DEMİRCİ et al…”