Effects of facultative symbionts and heat stress on the metabolome of pea aphids

Burke, Gaelen R.; Fiehn, Oliver; Moran, Nancy A.

doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.114

Cited by 149 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Whether EBF is the compound used to discriminate between symbiont-defended and uninfected aphids, however, is not certain. Infection with H. defensa and other symbionts has been shown to alter the pool of metabolites in A. pisum [65], and these changes may also serve as host selection cues. It would be interesting, however, if symbiont-defended aphids use reduced EBF to increase the threshold for dropping behavior, but parasitoids have co-opted the signal for their own benefit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

et al. 2012

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Background Recent findings indicate that several insect lineages receive protection against particular natural enemies through infection with heritable symbionts, but little is yet known about whether enemies are able to discriminate and respond to symbiont-based defense. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , receives protection against the parasitic wasp, Aphidius ervi , when infected with the bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa and its associated bacteriophage APSE ( Acyrthosiphon pisum s econdary e ndosymbiont). Internally developing parasitoid wasps, such as A. ervi , use maternal and embryonic factors to create an environment suitable for developing wasps. If more than one parasitoid egg is deposited into a single aphid host (superparasitism), then additional complements of these factors may contribute to the successful development of the single parasitoid that emerges. Results We performed experiments to determine if superparasitism is a tactic allowing wasps to overcome symbiont-mediated defense. We found that the deposition of two eggs into symbiont-protected aphids significantly increased rates of successful parasitism relative to singly parasitized aphids. We then conducted behavioral assays to determine whether A. ervi selectively superparasitizes H. defensa -infected aphids. In choice tests, we found that A. ervi tends to deposit a single egg in uninfected aphids, but two or more eggs in H. defensa -infected aphids, indicating that oviposition choices may be largely determined by infection status. Finally, we identified differences in the quantity of the trans-β-farnesene, the major component of aphid alarm pheromone, between H. defensa -infected and uninfected aphids, which may form the basis for discrimination. Conclusions Here we show that the parasitic wasp A. ervi discriminates among symbiont-infected and uninfected aphids, and changes its oviposition behavior in a way that increases the likelihood of overcoming symbiont-based defense. More generally, our results indicate that natural enemies are not passive victims of defensive symbionts, and that an evolutionary arms race between A. pisum and the parasitoid A. ervi may be mediated by a bacterial symbiosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

et al. 2012

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“…Specifically, higher Buchnera titers might increase aphid fitness under conditions of low nutrient availability or heat exposure, which can kill Buchnera cells (29,34). Our laboratory conditions may remove the pressure to have large numbers of Buchnera, as we provide highly nutritious host plants (fava bean seedlings) and a constant favorable temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clone AustinC was cured of secondary symbionts using antibiotic treatments (45). TucsonC was cured of secondary symbionts in a previous study (34). Both LSR1 and 5AY lack secondary symbionts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific genetic variation in hosts affects regulation of obligate heritable symbionts

Chong

Moran

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Symbiotic relationships promote biological diversification by unlocking new ecological niches. Over evolutionary time, hosts and symbionts often enter intimate and permanent relationships, which must be maintained and regulated for both lineages to persist. Many insect species harbor obligate, heritable symbiotic bacteria that provision essential nutrients and enable hosts to exploit niches that would otherwise be unavailable. Hosts must regulate symbiont population sizes, but optimal regulation may be affected by the need to respond to the ongoing evolution of symbionts, which experience high levels of genetic drift and potential selection for selfish traits. We address the extent of intraspecific variation in the regulation of a mutually obligate symbiosis, between the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and its maternally transmitted symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. Using experimental crosses to identify effects of host genotypes, we measured symbiont titer, as the ratio of genomic copy numbers of symbiont and host, as well as developmental time and fecundity of hosts. We find a large (>10-fold) range in symbiont titer among genetically distinct aphid lines harboring the same Buchnera haplotype. Aphid clones also vary in fitness, measured as developmental time and fecundity, and genetically based variation in titer is correlated with host fitness, with higher titers corresponding to lower reproductive rates of hosts. Our work shows that obligate symbiosis is not static but instead is subject to short-term evolutionary dynamics, potentially reflecting coevolutionary interactions between host and symbiont.

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“…Stress is a general term that describes the inadequate physiological response of an organism to any mental, emotional or physical demand, whether real or imagined (Schiavone et al, 2013). The cellular mechanisms that trigger stress are unknown, but a relationship between stressors and oxidative stress has been described, because oxidative changes occur in situations such as road transport, weaning or heat stress (Burke et al, 2010). The increase in the activity of individuals subjected to stress requires greater ATP production, resulting in increased oxygen consumption by the mitochondria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of animal mixing as a stressor on biomarkers of autophagy and oxidative stress during pig muscle maturation

Rubio-González

Potes

Illán-Rodríguez

et al. 2015

Animal

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The objective of this work was to study the postmortem evolution of potential biomarkers of autophagy (Beclin 1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) and oxidative stress (total antioxidant activity, TAA; superoxide dismutase activity, SOD and catalase activity, CAT) in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of entire male ((Large White × Landrace) × Duroc) pigs subjected to different management treatments that may promote stress, such as mixing unfamiliar animals at the farm and/or during transport and lairage before slaughter. During the rearing period at the farm, five animals were never mixed after the initial formation of the experimental groups (unmixed group at the farm, UF), whereas 10 animals were subjected to a common routine of being mixed with unfamiliar animals (mixed group at the farm, MF). Furthermore, two different treatments were used during the transport and lairage before slaughter: 10 pigs were not mixed (unmixed group during transport and lairage, UTL), whereas five pigs were mixed with unfamiliar animals on the lorry and during lairage (mixed group during transport and lairage, MTL). These mixing treatments were then combined into three pre-slaughter treatments -namely, UF-UTL, MF-UTL and MF-MTL. The results show that MF-UTL and MF-MTL increased significantly the muscle antioxidant defense (TAA, SOD and CAT) at short postmortem times (4 and 8 h; P < 0.001), followed by an earlier depletion of the antioxidant activity at 24 h postmortem (P < 0.05). We also found that mixing unfamiliar animals, both at the farm and during transport and lairage, triggers postmortem muscle autophagy, which showed an earlier activation (higher expression of Beclin 1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio at 4 h postmortem followed by a decreasing pattern of this ratio along first 24 h postmortem) in the muscle tissues of animals from the MF-UTL and MF-MTL groups, as an adaptive strategy of the muscle cells for counteracting induced stress. From these results, we propose that monitoring the evolution of the main biomarkers of autophagy (Beclin 1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) and muscle antioxidant defense (TAA, SOD, CAT) in the muscle tissue within the first 24 h postmortem may help the detection of animal stress and its potential effect on the postmortem muscle metabolism.

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Effects of facultative symbionts and heat stress on the metabolome of pea aphids

Cited by 149 publications

References 31 publications

Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

Parasitic wasp responses to symbiont-based defense in aphids

Intraspecific genetic variation in hosts affects regulation of obligate heritable symbionts

Effect of animal mixing as a stressor on biomarkers of autophagy and oxidative stress during pig muscle maturation

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