Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties

Sun, Yuankui; Gao, Bin; Yao, Ying; Fang, June; Zhang, Ming; Zhou, Yanmei; Chen, Hao; Yang, Liuyan

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.081

Cited by 667 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These authors stated that the lower C sequestration potential of MW biochar could be compensated by its higher potential for production of renewable energy, for requiring less heat input. Sun et al (2014) compared hydrochars to dry-pyrolysis biochars derived from the same feedstock, and found hydrochars more acidic and lower in C contents.…”

Section: A) Hydrothermal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar: Pyrogenic Carbon for Agricultural Use - A Critical Review

Novotny

Maia

Carvalho

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

175

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Biochar (carbonized biomass for agricultural use) has been used worldwide as soil amendment and is a technology of particular interest for Brazil, since its "inspiration" is from the historical Terra Preta de Índios (Amazon Dark Earth), and also because Brazil is the world's largest charcoal producer, generating enormous residue quantities in form of fine charcoal and due to the availability of different residual biomasses, mainly from agroindustry (e.g., sugar-cane bagasse; wood and paper-mill wastes; residues from biofuel industries; sewage sludge etc), that can be used for biochar production, making Brazil a key actor in the international scenario in terms of biochar research and utilization). In the last decade, numerous studies on biochar have been carried out and now a vast literature, and excellent reviews, are available. The objective of this paper is therefore to deliver a critical review with some highlights on biochar research, rather than an exhaustive bibliographic review. To this end, some key points considered critical and relevant were selected and the pertinent literature "condensed", with a view to guide future research, rather than analyze trends of the past.

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Section: A) Hydrothermal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar: Pyrogenic Carbon for Agricultural Use - A Critical Review

Novotny

Maia

Carvalho

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

175

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“…crop and forest residues, animal manure, sewage sludge, energy crops) are the most important factors in determining the possibilities of using biochars (Sun et al, 2014). Due to their diversified properties, biochars have become widely used not only in environmental protection (improvement of the quality of soil, climate change mitigation, waste management, remediation of contaminated soil, animal feed), but also in many industries (energy production, an ingredient of cosmetics, and a component of building materials and clothing) (Lehmann and Joseph, 2015;Sun et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of wheat and Miscanthus straw biochars on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity, and plant yield

Mierzwa–Hersztek¹,

Gondek²,

Klimkowicz‐Pawlas³

et al. 2017

International Agrophysics

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The variety of technological conditions and raw materials from which biochar is produced is the reason why its soil application may have different effects on soil properties and plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of wheat straw andMiscanthus giganteusstraw (5 t DM ha−1) and biochar obtained from this materials in doses of 2.25 and 5 t DM ha−1on soil enzymatic activity, soil ecotoxicity, and plant yield (perennial grass mixture with red clover). The research was carried out under field conditions on soil with the granulometric composition of loamy sand. No significant effect of biochar amendment on soil enzymatic activity was observed. The biochar-amended soil was toxic toVibrio fischeriand exhibited low toxicity toHeterocypris incongruens. Application of wheat straw biochar andM. giganteusstraw biochar in a dose of 5 t DM ha−1contributed to an increase in plant biomass production by 2 and 14%, respectively, compared to the soil with mineral fertilisation. Biochars had a more adverse effect on soil enzymatic activity and soil ecotoxicity toH. incongruensandV. fischerithan non-converted wheat straw andM. giganteusstraw, but significantly increased the grass crop yield.

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“…In the case of other materials, the weight loss due to pyrolysis was much larger, but did not exceed 60 %. Hossain et al [25] and Sun et al [26] demonstrated in their studies that, next to qualitative or quantitative composition, a decisive factor in the weight loss of materials subjected to pyrolysis is temperature of the process. Regardless of the type of pyrolysed material, less residue is observed at higher temperatures as a result of increased losses of oxidisable substances, including inorganic compounds [4,8].…”

Section: Weight Loss Of Organic Materials After Thermal Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the many advantages of biochar in reducing the bioavailability, toxicity and mobility of many organic contaminants [26,42], there are also hazards associated with the production process itself and the subsequent use of the material. The most common risk encountered when using biochar is the possibility of introducing substantial amounts of PAHs into the soil.…”

Section: Elemental Composition Of Biocharsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Low-Temperature Conversion of Plant Materials on the Chemical Composition and Ecotoxicity of Biochars

Gondek

Mierzwa–Hersztek

Baran

et al. 2016

Waste Biomass Valor

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The chemical composition of biochars varies considerably depending on the chemical composition of biomass used for its production and conditions of the thermal conversion process. In the context of chemical composition, biochars are different from other types of organic matter in that they contain many more aromatic carbon compounds. The aims of this study were as follows:(1) to investigate the effect of pyrolysis process of plant material on the concentrations of macroelements, trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the biochars; (2) to evaluate the ecotoxicity of the biochars; (3) to integrate chemical and toxicity properties of biochars in order to assess their safe utilisation as fertiliser materials. It was found that the elemental composition, the contents of macronutrients and trace elements in biochars were determined by the type of converted biomass. In the case of contents of volatile elements, such as nitrogen and sulphur, the process conditions were of great importance. Among the analysed trace elements, only the cadmium content exceeded the limit value for premium class biochars. The process of thermal conversion of organic materials did not cause mobilisation of available forms of most of the studied trace elements. In the course of the study, it was found that the extracts from wheat straw biochar (WSB) were low-toxic, while the extracts from biochars derived from rape straw (RSB), Miscanthus straw (MSB), sawdust (SB), bark (BB) and leaves of trees (LTB) were highly toxic to V. fischeri. Based on the response of the test organism, the analysed biochars were arranged in the following order: WSB \ BB \ RSB \ LTB \ MSB \ SB. The highest total content of PAHs ( P 16 PAHs) was determined in rape straw biochar, and the lowest, in sawdust biochar. The studies revealed a negative correlation between the content of most of PAHs and inhibition of Vibrio fischeri luminescence. Graphical Abstract

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Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties

Cited by 667 publications

References 18 publications

Biochar: Pyrogenic Carbon for Agricultural Use - A Critical Review

Biochar: Pyrogenic Carbon for Agricultural Use - A Critical Review

Effect of wheat and Miscanthus straw biochars on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity, and plant yield

The Effect of Low-Temperature Conversion of Plant Materials on the Chemical Composition and Ecotoxicity of Biochars

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