Effects of fermented black ginseng on wound healing mediated by angiogenesis through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Abstract

BackgroundFermented black ginseng (FBG) is produced through several cycles of steam treatment of raw ginseng, at which point its color turns black. During this process, the original ginsenoside components of raw ginseng (e.g., Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2) are altered, and less-polar ginsenosides are generated (e.g., Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh4). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FBG on wound healing.MethodsThe effects of FBG on tube formation and on scratch wound healing were measured using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HaCaT cells, respectively. Protein phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was evaluated via Western blotting. Finally, the wound-healing effects of FBG were assessed using an experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice.Results and ConclusionThe results showed that FBG enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs and migration in HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis revealed that FBG stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells. Moreover, mice treated with 25 μg/mL of FBG exhibited faster wound closure than the control mice did in the experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice.

Protective effects of phenolic acid extract from ginseng on vascular endothelial cell injury induced by palmitate via activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway

“…This disruption mainly manifests as the excessive accumulation of lipids, downexpression of NO, and enhanced expression of ET‐1 (King et al., 2016). Several studies have indicated the protective effect of ginseng on the endothelial function (In‐Ho et al., 2018; Jovanovski et al., 2014; Park et al., 2018). In addition, the phenolic acid components from other plants have demonstrated regulatory potential for endothelial function (Del Bo et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2018; Toma et al., 2017).…”

Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects

“…The wound healing activity of fermented black ginseng in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was mediated by angiogenesis through the MAP kinase pathway and enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs and migration in HaCaT cells was discussed [153]. Fermented black ginseng could stimulate the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells.…”

“…Fermented black ginseng could stimulate the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells. Moreover, mice treated with 25 mg/mL exhibited faster wound closure in the experimental cutaneous wounds model [153].…”

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

“…Ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Rk1, and ginsenoside Rg5 contents in BG are up to 30 times higher than those in RG [ 6 , 7 ]. Many studies have reported that ginseng has various functions, including hypoglycemic action, anti-cancer effects, anti-obesity effects, antioxidant effects, and liver function improvement [ 8 , 9 ]. However, through multiple steaming cycles the ginseng is carbonized.…”