Effects of Field Application Methods on the Persistence and Metabolism of Phorate in Soils and Its Translocation into Crops1

Lichtenstein, E. P.; Fuhremann, T. W.; Schulz, K. R.; Liang, Tung

doi:10.1093/jee/66.4.863

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Soils were extracted twice with acetonemethanol (1:l) followed by a third extraction with acetone-methanol-benzene (1:l:l) as described by Lichtenstein et al (1973). Soils were extracted twice with acetonemethanol (1:l) followed by a third extraction with acetone-methanol-benzene (1:l:l) as described by Lichtenstein et al (1973).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Walter-Echols¹,

Lichtenstein²

1983

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The importance of living plant tissues and light on the uptake and metabolism of [14C]phorate-derived residues from water by Elodea nuttallii plants was investigated. Plants growing for 2 weeks in water with a bottom deposit of [14C]phorate-treated soil accumulated in their tissues up to 30% of the originally soil-applied radiocarbon and 56% when the insecticide had been directly applied to the water. Most of the 14C-labeled compounds thus taken up were bound to plant tissues, which might explain the small amounts of radiocarbon released later from these plants into insecticide-free water. The uptake of insecticides from water was a function of the living plant, since dead plant tissues contained only small amounts (2.6% of that found in living plants) of 14C-labeled compounds after having been exposed for 72 h to [14C]phorate-contaminated water. Moreover, most of the [14C]phorate-derived compounds (38.4% of applied) were taken up by Elodea plants when exposed to light, while plants incubated in the dark contained only 9% of the radiocarbon originally applied to the water.Lakes and rivers are often contaminated with pesticide chemicals, after their use for soil and plant pest control.This contamination is to some extent a result of soil runoff due to heavy rainfall, causing a transport of soil particles previously contaminated with pesticide chemicals. In the case of relatively water soluble chemicals, transport of pesticides with water through soils (leaching) is also possible, in particular with sandy soils. Once water has been contaminated, plant and animal life as well as microorganisms within the water are exposed to these chemicals.Studies conducted previously in our laboratory dealt with the effects of lake bottom mud on the movement and metabolism of [14C]phorate in a soil-lake mud-water system (Walter-Echols andLichtenstein, 1977, 1978a). Phenomena related to the accumulation of the insecticide in Elodea nuttallii, a common macrophyte in North American lakes, have also been reported (Walter-Echols and Lichtenstein, 1978b) and were further investigated in this study relative to the effects of light and living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water. MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals.[methylene-14C]Phorate (sp act. 9.7 mCi/mmol) was obtained through the courtesy of American Cyanamid Co. The insecticide was diluted with nonradioactive phorate before its addition to soils or water.Nonradioactive phorate, phorate sulfoxide, phorate sulfone, phoratoxon sulfoxide, and phoratoxon sulfone were also obtained from the American Cyanamid Co. These chem-

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Walter-Echols¹,

Lichtenstein²

1983

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…On exposure to sunlight, 14C-phenthoate (168) was photodegraded via oxidation , cleavage of P-S or S-C bond, and hydrolysis of carboxylic ester with formation of the cc-carboxybenzyl thiol (Mikami et al 1977b). Phorate (162) was rapidly degraded in the field to give its sulfoxide and sulfone (Lichtenstein et al 1973). Phorate (162) was rapidly degraded in the field to give its sulfoxide and sulfone (Lichtenstein et al 1973).…”

Section: Organophosphorus Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

2004

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“…Counter sulfoxide (PSO) and Counter sulfone (PSO^) ( Table 4). It has been reported that phorate in the soil was rapidly oxidized to phorate sulfoxide and phorate (Getzin and Chapman 1960, Lichtenstein 1966, Suett 1971, Lichtenstein et al 1973 for all incubation periods except 0 day, and between Webster and Harps soils for all incubation periods except 0, 1, and 3 days. These differ ences in degradative abilities between soils were probably due to a com bination of factors.…”

Section: Oxidation Of Countermentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Phorate is rapidly oxidized in soil to its sulfoxide and sulfone (Getzin and Chapman 1960, Getzin and Shanks 1970, Lichtenstein et al 1973). At 0 days after treatment, Getzin and Chapman (1960) reported 11 to 13% of the detected radioactivity as oxidation products.…”

Section: Insecticide Metabolism In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction of three Iowa surface soils with the organophosphorus insecticide Counter®

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Effects of Field Application Methods on the Persistence and Metabolism of Phorate in Soils and Its Translocation into Crops1

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Effects of light and the importance of living plant tissues on the fate of [14C]phorate in water and Elodea plants

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Interaction of three Iowa surface soils with the organophosphorus insecticide Counter®

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