Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by a Soybean Protein on Growth, Histology, Selected Immune and Oxidative Status Markers of Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata

Abstract

The purpose of the trial was to study the impact of a 6‐mo dietary administration of soybean protein on growth, liver and intestine morphology, immune response, and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream. The immune response was evaluated by performing immunological assays in blood, head kidney (HK), or serum (respiratory burst activity [RBA], myeloperoxidase content and bacteriolytic activity) and gene expression analysis of immune‐associated genes (MHCIIα [major histocompatibility complex IIα], β2m [β‐2‐microglobulin], CSF‐1R [colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor], NCCRP‐1 [nonspecific cytotoxic cell receptor protein 1], TGF‐β1 [transforming growth factor beta‐1], and HSP70 [heat‐shock protein 70]) in HK and intestine. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the activity of liver enzymes associated with antioxidant system. The soybean protein was administrated in the diets at 20, 40, and 60% levels and its effects were evaluated compared with a fish meal diet. Growth and feed efficiency were affected negatively from 40% level. Increased RBA and expression levels of TGF‐β1 and β2m were found in HK only at 40% level. In intestine, at 60% level CSF‐1R expression was upregulated and some signs of inflammation were evident. In liver, at 60% level lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was observed and enzyme activity was increased. Dietary administration of soybean protein indicated changes from 40% in growth and immune response, and exerted an antioxidative effect at 60% level.

Comparative Study on the Cellular and Systemic Nutrient Sensing and Intermediary Metabolism after Partial Replacement of Fishmeal by Meat and Bone Meal in the Diet of Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

“…Plant proteins and poultry by-products have been tested for their appropriate inclusion level in diets for a variety of aquaculture species [20–22]. The phenotypic responses, including growth performance and body composition have been characterized extensively.…”

Interactive effects of dietary fishmeal level and plant essential oils supplementation on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax: Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and immunological response

“…Ultimately, this study supports the use of this commercial blend of PEOs in low‐FM diets to decrease feed costs with FM, without compromising sea bass overall performance, nutrient utilization, and health. The negative implications that are usually associated with FM replacement by vegetable sources, such as intestinal morphology alterations (Bakke‐McKellep, Press, Baeverfjord, Krogdahl, & Landsverk, ; Rimoldi et al, ; Sanden, Berntssen, Krogdahl, Hemre, & Bakke‐McKellep, ) and immune response efficiency (Kokou et al, ), were neutralized with the supplementation of Digestarom PEP MGE 150 (Figure ).…”

“…While some studies have shown the successful replacement of FM and FO with plant‐based products in sea bream and sea bass feed, several problems have been identified, including reduced growth, feeding, and nutrient utilization (Montero, Robaina, Caballero, Ginés, & Izquierdo, ; Peres & Oliva‐Teles, ; Santigosa et al, ; Torrecillas et al, ). Moreover, plant‐based ingredients have also resulted in irregular fish gut morphology and physiology, followed by metabolic and digestive disorders (Guerreiro, Couto, Pérez‐Jiménez, Oliva‐Teles, & Enes, ; Kokou et al, ; Torrecillas, Robaina, et al, ). To overcome these issues, research has been focused on supplementation through functional dietary supplements, such as phytogenics (Karásková, Suchý, & Straková, ; Reverter, Bontemps, Lecchini, Banaigs, & Sasal, ; Sutili et al, ).…”

The Value of Alternative Feed Ingredients

“…Studies on the use of algae as alternative diets have included evaluation of the use of Novacq, a novel ingredient of marine microalgae and bacteria in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Sellars et al ), and heterotrophic algae meal in channel catfish diets (Kupchinsky et al ). Various products developed from soybeans have been evaluated, including a soybean protein in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (Kokou et al ); hydrolyzed soy protein in starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Song et al ); soy protein concentrate for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Ribeiro et al ); soy peptide in juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Ragaza et al ); and a gamma‐irradiated and fermented soybean meal in juvenile Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Sotoudeh et al ). Other protein sources evaluated have included tuna byproduct meal in juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus (Jung et al ); grain distiller's dried yeast in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Sealey et al ), and in juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Achupallas et al ); glandless cottonseed protein in Pacific white shrimp (Siccardi et al ); and cricket meal in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Taufek et al ).…”