Effects of fluoxetine on the reproduction of two prosobranch mollusks: Potamopyrgus antipodarum and Valvata piscinalis

Fluoxetine accumulation and metabolism as exposure biomarker to better understand biological effects in gastropods

“…This is consistent with what was previously observed in similar exposure systems. 2 These lower exposure concentrations can certainly be explained by adsorption on the devices used for exposure system, as fluoxetine in a relatively stable compound. 13 Fluoxetine was measured in both P. antipodarum and V. piscinalis (Table 1).…”

“…antipodarum and V. piscinalis were exposed in the same beakers to fluoxetine as previously described and concentrations were chosen in accordance with the biological effects observed in these species. 2 However, due to lack of abundance of V. piscinalis in our culture, exposure of the both species was not rigorously similar. The nominal exposure concentrations were 11, 33 and 100 µg/L for P. antipodarum plus a control, and 33, 100 µg/L plus a control for V. piscinalis.…”

“…Several assumptions were proposed to explain these results including dissimilar metabolic capacities or bioavailability of fluoxetine for the snails. 2 Indeed, recently, fluoxetine was measured in tissues of mussels Eliptio complanata exposed downstream of a municipal wastewater, assorted with reproductive effects under laboratory experiments. 3 Both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine (the active metabolite) have been measured in tissues of fishes sampled or caged in streams downstream of urban and industrialized effluent discharges.…”

Uptake, accumulation and metabolization of the antidepressant fluoxetine by Mytilus galloprovincialis

“…Comparison between species, for instance mussels and fish, might be hampered by distinct lipid contents that may contribute for different accumulation patterns of the lipophilic fluoxetine (Gust et al, 2009). Even so, the first data that regarded fluoxetine and norfluoxetine accumulation in brain, liver, and muscle of different fish species of effluent-dominated ecosystems was reported by Brooks et al (2005).…”

“…Moreover, depending on the species, cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase biotransforms, at different rates, fluoxetine into norfluoxetine (Gust et al, 2009). Indeed, in freshwater fish Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to fluoxetine (640 ng L À1 ) for 7 days, norfluoxetine concentrations were below those measured for fluoxetine until day 7, when the average concentration of the metabolite (64.3 ± 8.7 ng g À1 w.w.) was higher than that of for fluoxetine (40.8 ± 5.0 ng g À1 w.w.) (Paterson and Metcalfe, 2008).…”