Effects of Foam Microbubbles on Electrical Resistivity and Capillary Pressure of Partially Saturated Porous Media

Abstract

Laboratory measurements of capillary pressure (Pc) and the electrical resistivity index (RI) of reservoir rocks are used to calibrate well logging tools and to determine reservoir fluid distribution. Significant studies on the methods and factors affecting these measurements in rocks containing oil, gas, and water are adequately reported in the literature. However, with the advent of chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, surfactants are mixed with injection fluids to generate foam to enhance the gas injection process. Foam is a complex and non-Newtonian fluid whose behavior in porous media is different from conventional reservoir fluids. As a result, the effect of foam on Pc and the reliability of using known rock models such as the Archie equation to fit experimental resistivity data in rocks containing foam are yet to be ascertained. In this study, we investigated the effect of foam on the behavior of both Pc and RI curves in sandstone and carbonate rocks using both porous plate and two-pole resistivity methods at ambient temperature. Our results consistently showed that for a given water saturation (Sw), the RI of a rock increases in the presence of foam than without foam. We found that, below a critical Sw, the resistivity of a rock containing foam continues to rise rapidly. We argue, based on knowledge of foam behavior in porous media, that this critical Sw represents the regime where the foam texture begins to become finer, and it is dependent on the properties of the rock and the foam. Nonetheless, the Archie model fits the experimental data of the rocks but with resulting saturation exponents that are higher than conventional gas–water rock systems. The degree of variation in the saturation exponents between the two fluid systems also depends on the rock and fluid properties. A theory is presented to explain this phenomenon. We also found that foam affects the saturation exponent in a similar way as oil-wet rocks in the sense that they decrease the cross-sectional area of water available in the pores for current flow. Foam appears to have competing and opposite effects caused by the presence of clay, micropores, and conducting minerals, which tend to lower the saturation exponent at low Sw. Finally, the Pc curve is consistently lower in foam than without foam for the same Sw.

Investigating the Alteration of Sandstone Pore System and Rock Features by Role of Weighting Materials

“…Shallow and deep resistivity logs can also determine the depth of mud invasion and formation damaged. 46 The electrical properties system was employed to measure the electrical resistance for the rock samples for the saturated phase after mud exposure. The rock sample was loaded between the electrode plates, and a plastic cover core holder isolated the core sample to preserve the saturation profile from the outside environment.…”

“…Resistivity log is commonly used in the petroleum industry for many purposes such as reservoir fluid distribution and fluid in place. Shallow and deep resistivity logs can also determine the depth of mud invasion and formation damaged . The electrical properties system was employed to measure the electrical resistance for the rock samples for the saturated phase after mud exposure.…”

Effect of Rock Wettability on the Electric Resistivity of Hydrate Formations: An Experimental Investigation

“…The formation factor increased with increasing hydrate saturation in both samples (WW and OW); this trend was caused by the formation of THF hydrate, which has higher electric resistance, see above. The higher hydrate saturation also increased the tortuous path for current flow, further increasing the formation factor. Moreover, for S h > 0.6, the formation factor steepened, as the maximum number of THF molecules turned into a solid phase.…”

The impact of weighting materials on carbonate pore system and rock characteristics

“…Shallow and deep resistivity logs can also determine the depth of mud invasion and formation damaged. [ 37 ] The electrical resistivity of each rock sample was measured before and after mud exposure to evaluate the effect of the weighting materials of WBM on the rock resistivity.…”