Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of Arachis hypogaea L.

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim of this experiment was to analyze the alleviation mechanism of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor) on peanut seedlings under Fe deficiency. The effects of SA and SNP on iron uptake and availability, ions balance and oxidant damage were studied with foliar application of exogenous 1.0 mM SA (SA) or 2.5 mM SNP (SNP) or 0.5 mM SA+1.25 mM SNP [1/2(SA+SNP)] or 1.0 mM SA+2.5 mM SNP (SA+SNP).ResultsThe results showed that after 21 days treatment, the peanut seedlings growing under iron deficiency conditions exhibited leaf interveinal chlorosis, and this iron-deficiency induced symptom was prevented by foliar application of SA, SNP, 1/2 (SA+SNP), especially SA+SNP. The increased contents of chlorophyll and active iron, and increased Fe accumulation in cell organelles were observed in SA+SNP treated young leaves, suggesting that an improvement of iron availability in plants. Moreover, the improved nutrient solution pH, increased H+-ATPase activity and increased iron concentration in roots in SA+SNP treated plants, suggesting that SA+SNP is effective in modulating iron uptake. Furthermore, the increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) concentrations and decreased manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in the leaves and roots of peanut indicated that SA+SNP stimulated the maintenance of ions disturbed by Fe deficiency. In addition, SA+SNP alleviated the increased accumulation of superoxide anion (O2•-) generation rate and malondialdehyde (MDA), and modulated the antioxidant enzymes.ConclusionsThese results indicated that the interaction of SA and SNP promoted Fe uptake, translocation and activation; modulated the balance of mineral elements; and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress. Therefore, SA and SNP had synergistic effects in alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-55-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Response of Speckled Spur-Flower to Salinity Stress and Salicylic Acid Treatment

“…The highest iron content was found in SA-treated plants. Increased Fe concentration resulting from SA application was also reported in Arachis hypogaea [Kong et al, 2014]. The lowest Fe level was detected in the leaves of plants watered with CaCl 2 .…”

Exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside ameliorates root architecture and growth performance in young budding polybagged plants of rubber (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>)

“…In the present study, SNP treatment increased not only the morphological parameters, but also some other physiological parameters, i.e., chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate (results not shown) as compared to control irrespective of concentrations of SNP. NO has also shown to have improved the leaf size and chlorophyll content in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Kong et al, 2014). Here, SNP promoted Fe uptake, translocation and activation; modulated the balance of mineral elements; and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress in peanut plants (Kong et al, 2014).…”

“…NO has also shown to have improved the leaf size and chlorophyll content in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Kong et al, 2014). Here, SNP promoted Fe uptake, translocation and activation; modulated the balance of mineral elements; and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress in peanut plants (Kong et al, 2014). Zhang et al (2012) showed that SNP application improved net photosynthesis and thereby increased the yield.…”

“…To effectively carry out such critical function, distinct plant hormones intensively interact among themselves and also with other endogenous signaling substances (Santner et al, 2009). Among these hormone-interacting molecules, the gaseous free radical nitric oxide (NO) has recently gained special interest in the research community given its involvement in a number of signaling cascades controlling plant responses ranging from seed germination to plant senescence (Mur et al, 2012;Freschi, 2013;Kong et al, 2014). NO is required for root organogenesis (Pagnussat et al 2002), the formation of adventitious roots (Pagnussat et al, 2003), lateral root development (CorreaAragunde et al, 2004) and root hair formation (Lombardo et al, 2006).…”

“…NO is required for root organogenesis (Pagnussat et al 2002), the formation of adventitious roots (Pagnussat et al, 2003), lateral root development (CorreaAragunde et al, 2004) and root hair formation (Lombardo et al, 2006). Various nitric oxide donors such as Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and Snitrosoglutathione (GSNO) have been developed (Mur et al, 2012) but SNP is frequently used (Correa-Aragunde et al, 2004;Mur et al, 2012;Chohan et al, 2012;Kong et al, 2014). Apart from root development, evidence has been obtained for the involvement of NO in other growth and developmental processes (Tan et al, 2008).…”