Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

Mourão, Denise Machado; Bressan, Josefina; Campbell, Wayne W.; Mattes, Richard D.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803667

Cited by 281 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…3,15,16 Whole apples have been reported to be more satiating than apple juice, 17 and watermelon, cheese or coconut, providing greater compensation than isocaloric drinks of watermelon juice, milk or coconut milk in lean and obese adults. 7 In a longer-term study, energy intake was lower in subjects after 4 weeks of consuming jelly beans than soda, supporting the view that liquid foods lead to a positive energy balance. 3 Thus, it is clear that the hypothesis that energy consumed from solid foods evokes a greater satiety response and suppresses energy intake at a subsequent meal compared with liquid foods is unresolved.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…1,2 Some epidemiological and experimental studies have provided evidence that obesity may be due to the consumption of caloric beverages, because, compared with solid foods, they have been reported to not suppress appetite [3][4][5] and consequently not promote a positive energy balance. 4,6,7 However, other experimental studies provide no link between energy intake from liquids and body weight change or FI. 8,9 Many studies have found that solid and liquid forms of the same foods lead to similar FI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of drinking compared with eating sugars or whey protein on short-term appetite and food intake

2010

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Background: It is hypothesized that a solid form of food or food components suppresses subjective appetite and short-term food intake (FI) more than a liquid form. Objective: To compare the effect of eating solid vs drinking liquid forms of gelatin, sucrose and its component mixtures, and whey protein, on subjective appetite and FI in young men. Design and subjects: A randomized crossover design was used in three experiments in which the subjects were healthy males of normal weight. Solid and liquid forms of gelatin (6 g) (experiment 1, n ¼ 14), sucrose (75 g) and a mixture of 50% glucose/50% fructose (G50:F50) (experiment 2, n ¼ 15), and acid and sweet whey protein (50 g) (experiment 3, n ¼ 14) were compared. The controls were water (experiments 1 and 3) and calorie-free sweetened water with gelatin (sweet gelatin, experiment 1) or calorie-free sweetened water (sweet control, experiment 2). Subjective average appetite was measured by visual analog scales over 1 h and ad libitum FI was measured 1 h after treatment consumption. Results: Average appetite area under the curve was not different between solid and liquid forms of sugars, but was larger, indicating greater satiety for solid compared with liquid forms of gelatin and sweet, but not acid whey protein. The FI was not different from that of control because of solid or liquid sugars or gelatin treatments. However, both solid and liquid forms of whey protein, with no difference among them, suppressed FI compared with control (Po0.05). Conclusion: Macronutrient composition is more important than physical state of foods in determining subjective appetite and FI.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of drinking compared with eating sugars or whey protein on short-term appetite and food intake

2010

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“…There is evidence for reduced dietary compensation when energy is consumed in liquid as opposed to solid form (48) and at meals following consumption of caloric beverages (49) , resulting in higher absolute energy intakes among those consuming SSB. These beverage products are energy-dense yet nutrient-poor Table 3 Effect of change in SSB intake from ages 10 to 13 years on WC at age 13 years adjusted for total adiposity (n 2455)*, Avon …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and central and total adiposity in older children: a prospective study accounting for dietary reporting errors

Bigornia

LaValley

Noël

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine the prospective relationship between changes in sugarsweetened beverage (SSB) intake and central adiposity in older children. Design: Dietary intakes of children were obtained by 3 d food records at ages 10 and 13 years. Waist circumference (WC) and weight and height to determine BMI were measured at 10 and 13 years and total body fat mass (TBFM) at 13 years by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Analyses were conducted using multivariable linear regression. Reporting errors were measured and participants were categorized as under-, plausible and over-reporters of dietary intakes. Setting: Community-based British cohort of children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Results: Among 2455 older children, increased SSB consumption from ages 10 to 13 years was associated with higher WC (standardized β = 0·020, P = 0·19), BMI (β = 0·028, P = 0·03) and TBFM (β = 0·017, P = 0·20) at 13 years. Effects were strengthened among plausible dietary reporters (n 1059): WC (β = 0·097, P < 0·001), BMI (β = 0·074, P < 0·001) and TBFM (β = 0·065, P = 0·003). The association between change in SSB and WC was weakened, but remained statistically significant after accounting for BMI (β = 0·042, P = 0·02) and TBFM (β = 0·048, P = 0·01). Conclusions: Higher consumption of SSB from ages 10 to 13 years was associated with a larger WC at age 13 years independent of differences in total adiposity. Accounting for dietary reporting errors strengthened associations. Our findings further support recommendations to limit intakes of SSB to reduce excess weight gain in children and suggest that SSB have an additional deleterious effect on central adiposity. Keywords Sugar-sweetened beverages Waist circumference Children ObesityObesity is a primary threat to public health. Childhood obesity strongly tracks with age (1) , raising the risk of mortality, CVD, certain cancers and osteoarthritis, as well as other conditions in adulthood (2)(3)(4)(5) . In adults a key driver of the metabolic consequences of excess fat is that located abdominally, or central adiposity, which predicts mortality and CVD independent of BMI (5)(6)(7) . Currently 32 % and 17 % of children and adolescents in the USA are overweight and obese, respectively (8) . Moreover, waist circumference (WC) of children has increased over time and some evidence suggests that the rate of increase in WC has outpaced that of BMI (9)(10)(11)(12)(13) . Therefore, it is paramount to identify modifiable risk factors of excess total and abdominal weight gain in children to help prevent or reverse obesity and its related co-morbidities both in childhood and later life.To date it remains unclear as to whether intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has specific effects

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“…For example, people do not sufficiently reduce energy intake in response to calories ingested from SSBs. 78,79 Also well known is the biological relationship underpinning energy balanceFa change in one side of the equation will result in a response on the other side of the equationFas the body works to maintain a steady state. Yet, there remain many unanswered questions in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

Bleich

Wang³

2010

Int J Obes

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Background: Understanding the relative importance of overconsumption and physical inactivity to excess weight gain among children and adolescents can contribute to the development and evaluation of interventions and policies to reduce childhood obesity. However, whether energy intake or expenditure is the dominant contributor to childhood obesity is a subject of debate. To date, no study has systematically reviewed the literature on this subject. Methods: We searched PubMed and Ovid Medline (January 1970 to January 2010) for potentially relevant English-language abstracts and obtained full-text articles for the abstracts, which passed the initial inclusion-exclusion criteria. Reference lists of full-length articles were hand searched to identify additional studies potentially relevant for inclusion. Relevant studies were characterized into one of the following three categories: cross-sectional studies with a nationally representative sample, crosssectional studies among population subgroups and longitudinal studies.Results: This review identified 26 studies examining factors related to energy intake, energy expenditure and obesity among children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that the primary determinant of energy imbalance at both the population and the individual levels is not definitive. Our findings further suggest that there is wide variation in data quality between studies. Future research in this area should aim to improve the accuracy of measures of energy intake, expenditure and their net balance over time; capitalize on under-utilized, non-traditional data sources, which have not been widely used; use modeling techniques to synthesize studies of shorter follow-up period and different outcome measures; and examine the unique determinants of energy imbalance among demographic groups at higher risk for obesity. Conclusions: On the basis of the current evidence, there is no consensus on the main driver of secular trends on weight gain among US children and adolescents. More research and better methods are needed to identify the relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to obesity in the pediatric population.

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Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

Cited by 281 publications

References 53 publications

Effect of drinking compared with eating sugars or whey protein on short-term appetite and food intake

Effect of drinking compared with eating sugars or whey protein on short-term appetite and food intake

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and central and total adiposity in older children: a prospective study accounting for dietary reporting errors

Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research

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