Effects of foot position on skin structural deformation

Smith, Sean; Yokich, Maiya K.; Beaudette, Shawn M.; Brown, Stephen H.M.; Bent, Leah R.

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.012

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…33 Movement of the foot into plantar flexion or dorsiflexion creates skin deformation sufficient to alter both skin thickness and hardness on the plantar and dorsal aspects of the foot. 34 Alterations in skin hardness and thickness even by nonweight-bearing movement have led Smith and colleagues to suggest that it is possible for skin movement to alter the threshold required to stimulate cutaneous mechanoreceptors. 34 These receptors play a key role in gait and postural stability.…”

Section: The Impact Of Footwear On Innate Impact Moderatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 Alterations in skin hardness and thickness even by nonweight-bearing movement have led Smith and colleagues to suggest that it is possible for skin movement to alter the threshold required to stimulate cutaneous mechanoreceptors. 34 These receptors play a key role in gait and postural stability. 35 36 During running, subcutaneously, the plantar aponeurosis, plantar ligaments and spring ligament maintain integrity of the arch and provide a strain energy storing mechanism that is reduced by removing each structure in turn.…”

Section: The Impact Of Footwear On Innate Impact Moderatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding. Where to from here? A narrative review

Francis

Schofield

2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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Understanding the current prevalence and incidence of running injury from an evolutionary perspective has sparked great debate. Proponents of the evolutionary approach to understanding running injury suggest that humans ran using less injurious biomechanics prior to the invention of cushioned running shoes. Those who disagree with this view, point to the many runners, wearing cushioned running shoes, who do not get injured and suggest that the evolutionary approach is indulging in a ‘natural fallacy’. This polarises the scientific debate into discrete categories such as ‘shod’ vs ‘barefoot’. This review aims, first, to describe humans’ innate impact moderating mechanisms which arise from our evolutionary legacy. Second, we discuss the impact of footwear on these mechanisms and the potential link to injury in some runners. Finally, we discuss the role of barefoot training in sports medicine and attempt to make some practical suggestions as to how it might be integrated in our modern urban environments.

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Section: The Impact Of Footwear On Innate Impact Moderatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Impact Of Footwear On Innate Impact Moderatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding. Where to from here? A narrative review

Francis

Schofield

2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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“…A location dependent response was also demonstrated on the foot dorsum. Similar to the medial arch on the foot sole, the distal test site is the most sensitive and the thinnest region on the foot dorsum ( Smith et al, 2019 ). Previous work on the foot dorsum, with sites comparable to the present study, demonstrated increased sensitivity on the distal sites compared to the proximal ones ( Hennig and Sterzing, 2009 ; Mildren et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was no crossover of subjects between the two groups. Test sites were determined based on anatomical landmark proportions using the same protocol as Smith et al (2019) . Foot sole test sites included the heel, medial arch, and the first metatarsal ( Figure 1A ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the foot sole, Strzalkowski and colleagues (2015b) reported in a neutral foot position, harder and thicker skin was less sensitive to dynamic tactile stimuli compared to thinner and softer regions. Our lab has recently demonstrated that skin mechanics of the foot sole and dorsum, including stretch, thickness, and hardness, can be altered with ankle posture ( Smith et al, 2019 ). Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential effect of posture-mediated skin deformation about the ankle joint on perceptual measures of foot skin sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutaneous Sensitivity Across Regions of the Foot Sole and Dorsum are Influenced by Foot Posture

Smith

Yokich

Beaudette

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Understanding the processing of tactile information is crucial for the development of biofeedback interventions that target cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Mechanics of the skin have been shown to influence cutaneous tactile sensitivity. It has been established that foot skin mechanics are altered due to foot posture, but whether these changes affect cutaneous sensitivity are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of posture-mediated skin deformation about the ankle joint on perceptual measures of foot skin sensitivity. Participants (N = 20) underwent perceptual skin sensitivity testing on either the foot sole (N = 10) or dorsum (N = 10) with the foot positioned in maximal dorsiflexion/toe extension, maximal plantarflexion/toe flexion, and a neutral foot posture. Perceptual tests included touch sensitivity, stretch sensitivity, and spatial acuity. Regional differences in touch sensitivity were found across the foot sole (p < 0.001) and dorsum (p < 0.001). Touch sensitivity also significantly increased in postures where the skin was compressed (p = 0.001). Regional differences in spatial acuity were found on the foot sole (p = 0.002) but not dorsum (p = 0.666). Spatial acuity was not significantly altered by posture across the foot sole and dorsum, other than an increase in sensitivity at the medial arch in the dorsiflexion posture (p = 0.006). Posture*site interactions were found for stretch sensitivity on the foot sole and dorsum in both the transverse and longitudinal directions (p < 0.005). Stretch sensitivity increased in postures where the skin was pre-stretched on both the foot sole and dorsum. Changes in sensitivity across locations and postures were believed to occur due to concurrent changes in skin mechanics, such as skin hardness and thickness, which follows our previous findings. Future cutaneous biofeedback interventions should be applied with an awareness of these changes in skin sensitivity, to maximize their effectiveness for foot sole and dorsum input.

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Using Ultrasound to Assess Microchambers and Macrochambers Tissue Properties After Walking at Different Speeds and Durations

Shen

Jan

Lung

et al. 2021

Advances in Physical, Social &Amp; Occupational Ergonomics

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Effects of foot position on skin structural deformation

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding. Where to from here? A narrative review

From barefoot hunter gathering to shod pavement pounding. Where to from here? A narrative review

Cutaneous Sensitivity Across Regions of the Foot Sole and Dorsum are Influenced by Foot Posture

Using Ultrasound to Assess Microchambers and Macrochambers Tissue Properties After Walking at Different Speeds and Durations

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