“…Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006) found that learners will become persistent and be more willing to conduct in-depth processing if they are aware of their improvement and ways to enhance their learning performance. The survey conducted by Pat-El et al (2012) revealed that the two components of AFL (monitoring and scaffolding) were significantly associated with three intrinsic motivational indicators (ability, relevance, autonomy). The meta-analysis of Heitink, M. C. et al (2016) indicated that students' positive attitudes and their roles in learning are conducive to learner agency and self-directed learning abilities.…”