Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on <i>in vitro</i> toxicity of exhaust emissions

Hakkarainen, Henri; Järvinen, Anssi; Lepistö, Teemu; Kuittinen, Niina; Markkula, Lassi; Ihantola, Tuukka; Yang, Mo; Martikainen, Maria-Viola; Mikkonen, Santtu; Timonen, Hilkka; Aurela, Minna; Barreira, Luis; Ihalainen, Mika; Saarikoski, Sanna; Rönkkö, Topi; Aakko-Saksa, Päivi; Jalava, Pasi

doi:10.1039/d3ea00136a

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The only known effects are the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects caused by acute exposure of A549 cells to gasoline engine exhaust, which include cell membrane damage, DNA damage leading to the induction of apoptosis and reduced cell viability 10 . Low vehicle operating temperatures were also found to significantly increase emissions 13 and have negative effects on A549 and THP-1 cell lines 14 . Emission analyzes are often based on tests of vehicles with different after-treatment systems and using different fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

Kęska,

Rusak,

Włostowski

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Exhaust emissions, which count among the most common causes of premature death worldwide, can cause irreversible changes in cells, leading to their damage or degeneration. In this research, L929 line cells were observed after exposure in the BAT-CELL chamber to exhaust gases emitted from a Euro 6 compression-ignition engine. Real road traffic conditions were simulated, taking into account air resistance while driving at speeds of 50 km/h, 120 km/h and idling engine. Morphological analysis of the cells was performed using an environmental scanning electron microscope. It has been observed that diesel exhaust fumes can cause inflammation, which can induce apoptosis or leads to necrotic cell death. The impact of the vehicle exhaust gases can inhibit cell proliferation by almost three times. Moreover, a correlation has been observed between the speed of the inflammatory reaction in cells and the presence of specific hydrocarbon compounds that determine the toxicity of exhaust gases. Research has shown that the toxicity of the emitted exhaust gases has been the highest at the driving speed of 120 km/h. In order to reduce the harmful effects of exhaust emissions, ecological alternatives and the supplementation of legal provisions regarding the compounds subject to limitation are necessary.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

Kęska,

Rusak,

Włostowski

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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NO_x emissions in France in 2019–2021 as estimated by the high-spatial-resolution assimilation of TROPOMI NO₂ observations

Plauchu,

Fortems-Cheiney,

Broquet

et al. 2024

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Since 2018, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) has provided unprecedented images of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tropospheric columns at a relatively high spatial resolution with a daily revisit. This study aims at assessing the potential of TROPOMI–PAL data to estimate the national to urban NOx emissions in France from 2019 to 2021, using the variational mode of the recent Community Inversion Framework (CIF) coupled to the CHIMERE regional transport model at a spatial resolution of 10 km × 10 km. The seasonal to inter-annual variations in the French NOx emissions are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the current capability to quantify strong anomalies in the NOx emissions at intra-annual scales, such as the ones due to the COVID-19 pandemic, by using TROPOMI NO2 observations. At the annual scale, the inversions suggest a decrease in the average emissions over 2019–2021 of −3 % compared to the national budget from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service regional inventory (CAMS-REG) for the year 2016, which is used as a prior estimate of the national-scale emissions for each year by the Bayesian inversion framework. This is lower than the decrease of −14 % from 2016 to the average over 2019–2021 in the estimates of the French Technical Reference Center for Air Pollution and Climate Change (CITEPA). The lower decrease in the inversion results may be linked in large part to the limited level of constraint brought by the TROPOMI data, due to the observation coverage and the ratio between the current level of errors in the observation and the chemistry-transport model, and to the NO2 signal from the French anthropogenic sources. Focusing on local analysis and selecting the days during which the TROPOMI coverage is good over a specific local source, we compute the reductions in the anthropogenic NOx emission estimates by the inversions from spring 2019 to spring 2020. These reductions are particularly pronounced for the largest French urban areas with high emission levels (e.g., −26 % from April 2019 to April 2020 in the Paris urban area), reflecting reductions in the intensity of vehicle traffic reported during the lockdown period. However, the system does not show large emission decreases for some of the largest cities in France (such as Bordeaux, Nice and Toulouse), even though they were also impacted by the lockdown measures. Despite the current limitations for the monitoring of emissions at the national scale, or for some of the largest cities in France, these results open positive perspectives regarding the ability to support the validation or improvement of inventories with satellite observations, at least at the local level. This leads to discussions on the need for a stepwise improvement of the inversion configuration for a better extraction and extrapolation in space and time of the information from the satellite observations.

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Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Abstract: Traffic as an important part of the energy sector significantly contributes to global air pollution. To mitigate the hazardous components of traffic emissions regulations have been implemented resulting in technological...

Cited by 2 publications

References 78 publications

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

NO_x emissions in France in 2019–2021 as estimated by the high-spatial-resolution assimilation of TROPOMI NO₂ observations

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Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Abstract: Traffic as an important part of the energy sector significantly contributes to global air pollution. To mitigate the hazardous components of traffic emissions regulations have been implemented resulting in technological...

Cited by 2 publications

References 78 publications

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

Low-vacuum SEM imaging and viability test of L929 cells exposed to a Euro 6 diesel exhaust gas mixture in a BAT-CELL chamber in comparison with hydrocarbons emission

NOx emissions in France in 2019–2021 as estimated by the high-spatial-resolution assimilation of TROPOMI NO2 observations

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Product

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NO_x emissions in France in 2019–2021 as estimated by the high-spatial-resolution assimilation of TROPOMI NO₂ observations