Effects of Gasoline and Hydrogen Blends on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption from Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract

Gasoline engines remain a potential source of atmospheric pollution. Dual fuel combustion was under investigation to cope with exposure to pollutants. Investigations on emission parameters and engine performance for a single-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine are carried out using multicriteria decision-making method (MCDM). Bar charts are constructed for three emission parameters in function of engine temperature and fuel consumption for different blends. Fuels were supplied at different engine running speeds. Parameters recorded during the experimental study were the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), percentages of lower explosive limit (LEL), and combustion duration. The maximum concentration of CO was 339 ppm at 70°C and 4000 rpm. The maximum concentration of H2S (3 ppm), was recorded at 94°C and 4000 rpm. The maximum percentage of LEL recorded was 3% at the majority of temperature and 4000 rpm. Consumption of 25 Cl of (gasoline + HHO) was recorded during the maximum time (50 min). The experiment showed high emissions of CO that can provoke respiratory disorders and explosive gases, factors of explosion at high speeds (4000 rpm), and low temperature (70°C). H2S emissions are very low (0–3 ppm) independently of the engine speeds and temperature. Blending gasoline with HHO shows a reduction in fuel consumption.

Hydrogen as Fuel for ICEs: State of Art and Technological Challenges

“…Hydrogen shortened the fame development, increasing the thermal efciency and mean efective pressure (i) Termal efciency (ii) Lean burn strategies [28] 2015 Infuence of spark timing on the performance and emission characteristics of gasoline-hydrogen-blended high-speed spark-ignition engine Experimental investigation Spark timing turned out to be a key factor for the thermal efciency, shifting the combustion towards the TDC (i) Ignition timing infuence (ii) NOx and CO emissions [29] 2021 Efect of negative valve overlap on combustion and emissions of CNG-fuelled HCCI engine with hydrogen addition Experimental investigation Symmetric NVO strategy can achieve the highest EGR rate easing the HRR and reducing the PRR, which improves the rough running of HCCI engine, preventing the occurrence of knocking (i) Valve timing efect (ii) NOx emissions [30] 2022 Efects of gasoline and hydrogen blends on exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption from gasoline internal combustion engines…”

“…In fact, in its pure state, the hydrogen has a lower limit of explosion (LEL) of 4% by volume compared to the 1.2% of gasoline. Terefore, it is of paramount importance to use the best mixture formation strategy to ensure a clean combustion, and this is also another reason for which the PFI layout is normally preferred to the DI [30]. Ten, it is noteworthy to underline the development of increasingly accurate simulation software which is able to return results faithful to experimental tests, thus representing valid tools to speed up the research and saving costs compared to the expensive test campaigns necessary to gather data.…”