Effects of Gender, Body Composition and Birth Size on IGF-I in 7- and 8-Year-Old Children

Garnett, Sarah P.; Cowell, Christopher T.; Bradford, Darna; Lee, J.; Tao, Chunhui; Petrauskas, Vida; Fay, Roger A.; Baur, Louise A.

doi:10.1159/000023465

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Physiological differences between the sexes regarding IGF-I metabolism exist. We found higher IGF-I concentrations in girls, which is consistent with results from other studies (Kaplowitz et al, 1982;Juul et al, 1997;Garnett et al, 1999;Kawai et al, 1999;Hoppe et al, 2004b, c;Bereket et al, 2006). The metabolism of IGF-I also seems to differ between boys and girls as it was found that 9-year-old boys excreted more urine (u) IGF-I per unit u growth hormone (GH) than the girls of the same age (Fall et al, 2000).…”

Section: 00supporting

confidence: 91%

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

et al. 2009

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Background/Objectives: High protein intake has been associated with increased growth. This may be linked to increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which seems to be influenced by the diet, especially its protein component. The short-term effects of high protein intake in late infancy are not known. The objective was to investigate the effects of high protein intake in the form of whole milk (WM) on growth and IGF-I from 9 to 12 months of age. Subjects/Methods: Healthy infants (n ¼ 83) were randomized to receive either WM or infant formula and fish oil or no fish oil (2 Â 2 design). Anthropometric variables, IGF-I concentrations, serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and diet were recorded before and after the intervention. Results: Intake of WM significantly increased the protein energy percentage (PE%; Pp0.001) and SUN (P ¼ 0.01), whereas there was no effect on size. The milk intervention increased IGF-I in boys (P ¼ 0.034) but not in girls. Intake of fish oil had no effect on the outcomes. Including all infants in the analysis there was a significant correlation between weight and IGF-I at 12 months (r ¼ 0.316, P ¼ 0.017), and PE% was positively associated with IGF-I after adjusting for sex and breastfeeding at both 9 (r ¼ 0.329, P ¼ 0.015) and 12 months (r ¼ 0.272, P ¼ 0.044). Conclusions: Randomization to WM had no overall effect on growth. However, the positive effect of WM on IGF-I in boys and the positive association between PE% intake and IGF-I at 9 and 12 months is consistent with the hypothesis that a high milk intake stimulates growth.

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Section: 00supporting

confidence: 91%

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

et al. 2009

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“…20 In our sample population, we have previously reported an Abdominal fat and birth size in children SP Garnett et al inverse relation between IGF-I concentrations at age 7=8 y and birth size -children with the lowest birth size and heaviest current weight had the highest IGF-I concentrations. 21 High concentrations may reflect persisting IGF-I resistance or alternatively be a response to adequate postnatal nutrition and hence be a feature of rapid postnatal growth. This seems less probable as catch up growth in response to low birth weight is generally complete by 3 y.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abdominal fat and birth size in healthy prepubertal children

et al. 2001

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BACKGROUND: Studies examining the foetal origins hypothesis suggest that small birth size may be a marker of foetal adaptations that programme future propensity to adult disease. We explore the hypothesis that birth size may relate to fat distribution in childhood and that fat distribution may be a link between birth size and adult disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between birth size and abdominal fat, blood pressure, lipids, insulin and insulin:glucose ratio in prepubertal children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, based on a birth cohort of consecutive full-term births. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and fifty-five (137 females) healthy, 7-and 8-y-old children. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition and abdominal fat was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lipid, glucose and insulin profiles were measured after an overnight fast and an automated BP monitor was used for blood pressure measurements. RESULTS: There was a negative association between abdominal fat and birth weight s.d. score across a range of normal birth weights (b ¼ 70.18; 95% CI ¼ 70.31 to 70.04, P ¼ 0.009) and a positive association with weight s.d. score at 7=8 y (b ¼ 0.35; 95% CI ¼ 0.24 to 0.46, P < 0.001). Children who were born with the lowest weight s.d. score and had the greatest weight s.d. score at 7=8 y had significantly more (P < 0.001) abdominal fat, as a percentage of total fat (6.53 AE 1.3%) than those who had the highest birth weight s.d. score and the lowest weight s.d. score at 7=8 y (4.14 AE 0.5%). Similar results were seen if head circumference, but not ponderal index, was used as an indicator of birth size. Increased abdominal fat was associated with higher total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, higher triglyceride concentration and increased diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Birth weight independently predicted abdominal fat. Children with the highest amount of abdominal fat were those who tended to be born lighter and gained weight centiles. Increased abdominal fat was associated with precursor risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.

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“…Eighteen of the boys were recruited from the Energy Expenditure Study, whose participants were originally recruited from state primary schools in western Sydney (19). An additional 23 boys were recruited from the Nepean Cohort Study, a birth cohort consisting of children born at a gestational age of Ͼ37 wk at Nepean Hospital in western Sydney between August 1989 and April 1990 (20). The 23 biologic mothers of these boys were also recruited to the study.…”

Section: Experimental Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information on the birth weight, birth length, and ponderal index at birth [birth weight/birth length 3 ] of the sons was obtained from the records of the Nepean Cohort Study (20) or the personal health records of the boys, as appropriate.…”

Section: Anthropometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Familial, Anthropometric, and Metabolic Associations of Intramyocellular Lipid Levels in Prepubertal Males

et al. 2002

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The cause of skeletal muscle insulin resistance is unclear, but high levels of intramyocellular lipids are often present in affected individuals. We aimed to establish the metabolic, familial, and anthropometric associations of intramyocellular lipid in a pediatric population. We studied 41 boys aged 6.9 -9.9 y and 23 of their mothers by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We related muscle lipid levels to important factors that define an increased risk of developing insulin resistance in adult life. There were significant associations between the boys' intramyocellular lipid and their waist circumference (r ϭ 0.42, p ϭ 0.007), body mass index SD score (r ϭ 0.32, p ϭ 0.04), weight SD score (r ϭ 0.32, p ϭ 0.04), glucose:insulin ratio (rϭ-0.59, p ϭ 0.04), maternal log fasting insulin levels (r ϭ 0.44, p ϭ 0.04), maternal body mass index (r ϭ 0.46, p ϭ 0.03), and maternal intramyocellular lipid (r ϭ 0.62, p ϭ 0.003). In the 41 boys, waist Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a metabolic abnormality central to the pathogenesis of a cluster of diseases such as type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity. The precise causes of insulin resistance remain uncertain, but both environmental and genetic factors are thought to have a role.Several studies suggest that morphologic abnormalities of skeletal muscle are associated with the development of insulin resistance (1-3). These abnormalities include elevated levels of IMCL (4 -6), an altered proportion of muscle fiber type and decreased capillary density (7-9), abnormalities in capillary structure (10), and an altered fatty acid composition of muscle membranes (2, 11). The temporal relationships of these muscle morphologic abnormalities to the onset of insulin resistance and to the appearance of recognized risk factors associated with the development of the insulin resistance syndrome are not clear.It is possible that some skeletal muscle morphologic abnormalities may precede the development of insulin resistance. For example, infants of mothers with insulin resistance (as determined by maternal fasting insulin levels) have a characteristic muscle membrane fatty acid profile similar to that seen in insulin resistant adults (12). This finding suggests that not only do familial factors play a role in determining muscle membrane composition, but that young children with a high risk of developing insulin resistance in later life may already have a muscle phenotype that is different from those children who are at lower risk. Thus, diseases associated with insulin resistance may have their metabolic antecedents present in early childhood.The advent of a magnetic resonance-based technique to measure IMCL facilitates studies on muscle lipid metabolism in insulin resistant conditions. Previously, the relationships

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Effects of Gender, Body Composition and Birth Size on IGF-I in 7- and 8-Year-Old Children

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy

Abdominal fat and birth size in healthy prepubertal children

Familial, Anthropometric, and Metabolic Associations of Intramyocellular Lipid Levels in Prepubertal Males

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