Effects of Glucam P-20, Vanillin, and Fixolide on Mosquito Repellency of Citronella Oil Lotions

Songkro, Sarunyoo; Jenboonlap, Maleewan; Boonprasertpon, Munchalee; Maneenuan, Duangkhae; Bouking, Khemmarat; Kaewnopparat, Nattha

doi:10.1603/me11141

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…aegypti from 2.25 to 7.25 h to 4.25–8.25 h. Vanillin was selected in this study as an added fixative to improve the repellency of AHE, due to its noted ability in optimizing lasting quality in not only plant-based products, but also synthetic substances such as DEET [ 20 , 34 , 35 ]. Among a variety of commercial products are two categories of fixatives based on their sources: natural and synthetic materials [ 36 , 37 ]. Natural fixatives can be derived from herbal constituents (vanillin, benzoin, myrrh, tolu balsam, etc.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern Thailand

et al. 2016

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BackgroundAngelica sinensis (Oliv.) hexane extract (AHE) has been reported as a proven and impressive repellent against laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. With the aim of promoting products of plant origin as a viable alternative to conventional synthetic substances, this study was designed to transform AHE-based repellents for exploitable commercial production by enhancing their efficacy and assessing their physical and biological stability as well as repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.MethodsThe chemical profile of AHE was analyzed by qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. AHE was supplemented with vanillin, as a fixative, and then investigated for repellency and comparison to the standard synthetic repellent, DEET, under both laboratory and field conditions. Determination of physical and biological stability as a repellent was carried out after keeping AHE samples under varying temperatures and for different storage times.ResultsGC-MS analysis revealed that AHE contained at least 21 phytochemical compounds, constituting 95.74 % of the total content, with the major constituent of 3-N-butylphthalide (66.67 %). Ethanolic formulations of AHE and DEET showed improvement of repellency in a dose-dependent manner when vanillin was added in laboratory assessment. While 5–25 % AHE alone provided median complete-protection times of 2.0–6.5 h against Ae. aegypti, these times were increased to 4.0–8.5 h with a combination of AHE and 5 % vanillin (AHEv). Protection times against Ae. aegypti were extended from 2.25 to 7.25 h to 4.25–8.25 h when 5–25 % DEET was combined with 5 % vanillin (DEETv). In determining stability, all stored AHE samples exhibited similar characteristics such as liquid phases with aromatic odor comparable to those of fresh preparations. Furthermore, repellent activity of stored AHE samples lasted for at least six months, with varied efficacy (4.5–10.0 h) against Ae. aegypti. Field trials revealed strong repellency from both 25 % AHEv and 25 % DEETv, with complete protection (100 %) against a wide range of local mosquito populations. A total of 5,718 adult female mosquitoes, with the most predominant being Culex quinquefasciatus (41.47 %), Armigeres subalbatus (41.13 %), and Culex vishnui (10.53 %), was collected during field applications. No local skin reaction or other allergic responses was observed during both laboratory and field study periods.ConclusionsAngelica sinensis proved to have not only impressive repellency against both laboratory Ae. aegypti and a wide range of natural mosquito populations, but also relative stability in physical and biological performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern Thailand

et al. 2016

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“…Fixatives refer to a substance that has the ability to increase the intensity and lasting qualities of aromatic components of fragrances materials (Seldner 1982). They have lower volatility properties compare to fragrances and have the ability to slow the evaporation of volatile oils (Dobbs et al 2009;Songkro et al 2012). Addition of fixatives into formulation was considered as the simplest method to enhance the repellency activity of certain active ingredients compared to other formulation techniques such as microcapsule and nanoemulsion methods (Champakaew et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in this study, the addition of 5% vanillin was able to prolong the effect of P. aduncum EO gel formulations. Songkro et al (2012) reported that addition of 5% vanillin to citronella oil lotions increase the protection time against Ae. aegypti for 1.3 hour to 4.8 h. The addition of 5% vanillin was able to prolong the protection time of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixatives Increase the Efficacy of Gel Formulations Containing Piper aduncum Linnaeus (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil as Repellenty

Othman

Mamood

Budin

et al. 2019

JSKM

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Piper aduncum essential oil exhibit repellency activity and has a potential to be use as an alternative for synthetic repellent such as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, (DEET). However, the volatility properties of the essential oil decrease their persistence as a topical repellent. Study has shown that formulation of the essential oil with some fixatives may increase their effectiveness. Therefore, this study was conduct to evaluate the effectiveness of gel formulation containing P. aduncum essential oil with two fixative; vanillin and paraffin oil. Gel formulations containing P. aduncum essential oil with 5% and 10% vanillin and 6% paraffin oil was prepared and tested against Aedes aegypti in laboratory using Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) bioassay method. After 240 minute post-application, formulation containing 5% and 10% vanillin was able to provide >70% repellency percentage against mosquito while formulation containing 6% paraffin oil gives <30% repellency percentage. As conclusion, P. aduncum based repellent gel containing 5% and 10% vanillin was able to prolong the effect of P. aduncum essential oil as repellent against dengue vector in laboratory.

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“…The results obtained emphasized the benefits of vanillin in optimizing mosquito repellents, and suggested that a promising way to improve the efficacy of repellents is by formulating with appropriate fixatives, such as vanillin. The incorporation of other fragrant fixatives such as fixolide, with promising activity as reported in another study [ 44 ], additives and other herbal active ingredients into preparations is considered to be the next step in developing LHE repellent formulations. Other procedures for promoting the performance of natural repellents also should be included, particularly sustained-release technology such as nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, liposomes and microencapsulation application that provide extended mosquito protection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Sanghong

Junkum

Chaithong

et al. 2015

Malar J

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BackgroundFor personal protection against mosquito bites, user-friendly natural repellents, particularly from plant origin, are considered as a potential alternative to applications currently based on synthetics such as DEET, the standard chemical repellent. This study was carried out in Thailand to evaluate the repellency of Ligusticumsinense hexane extract (LHE) against laboratory Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti, the primary vectors of malaria and dengue fever, respectively.MethodsRepellent testing of 25% LHE against the two target mosquitoes; An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, was performed and compared to the standard repellent, DEET, with the assistance of six human volunteers of either sex under laboratory conditions. The physical and biological stability of LHE also was determined after keeping it in conditions that varied in temperature and storage time. Finally, LHE was analysed chemically using the qualitative GC/MS technique in order to demonstrate a profile of chemical constituents.ResultsEthanol preparations of LHE, with and without 5% vanillin, demonstrated a remarkably effective performance when compared to DEET in repelling both An. minimus and Ae. aegypti. While 25% LHE alone provided median complete-protection times against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti of 11.5 (9.0–14.0) hours and 6.5 (5.5–9.5) hours, respectively, the addition of 5% vanillin increased those times to 12.5 (9.0–16.0) hours and 11.0 (7.0–13.5) hours, respectively. Correspondingly, vanillin added to 25% DEET also extended the protection times from 11.5 (10.5–15.0) hours to 14.25 (11.0–18.0) hours and 8.0 (5.0–9.5) hours to 8.75 (7.5–11.0) hours against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. No local skin reaction such as rash, swelling or irritation was observed during the study period. Although LHE samples kept at ambient temperature (21–35°C), and 45°C for 1, 2 and 3 months, demonstrated similar physical characteristics, such as similar viscosity and a pleasant odour, to those that were fresh and stored at 4°C, their colour changed from light- to dark-brown. Interestingly, repellency against Ae. aegypti of stored LHE was presented for a period of at least 3 months, with insignificantly varied efficacy. Chemical analysis revealed that the main components of LHE were 3-N-butylphthalide (31.46%), 2, 5-dimethylpyridine (21.94%) and linoleic acid (16.41%), constituting 69.81% of all the extract composition.ConclusionsLHE with proven repellent efficacy, no side effects on the skin, and a rather stable state when kept in varied conditions is considered to be a potential candidate for developing a new natural alternative to DEET, or an additional weapon for integrated vector control when used together with other chemicals/measures.

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Effects of Glucam P-20, Vanillin, and Fixolide on Mosquito Repellency of Citronella Oil Lotions

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern Thailand

Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern Thailand

Fixatives Increase the Efficacy of Gel Formulations Containing Piper aduncum Linnaeus (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil as Repellenty

Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

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