Effects of Glycyrrhizin on the Differentiation of Myeloid Cells of the Heart and Lungs in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Septic Mice

Seo, Eun‐Hye; Song, Ga-Yun; Kwak, Byung Ok; Oh, Chung-Sik; Lee, Seung Hyun; Kim, Seong-Hyop

doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000850

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, GL lead to a reduction of TLR4 expression in the heart and the lung in an LPS model of inflammation. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of cytokine release, i.e., the release of TNFα, IL6, and IL1ß (29). In accordance GL has protective effects in acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by the TLR4 activator LPS in mice (28).…”

Section: Ace2 Antiinflammation and Glycyrrhizin's Anti-inflammatory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection?

2020

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The role of the ACE2 enzyme in the COVID-19 infection is 2-fold, with opposing implications for the disease development. 1. The membrane bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as the entry point of COVID-19 2. Conversely, it supports an anti-inflammatory pathway. This led to the controversy of the impact of medications, which influence its expression. ACE2 is part of the wider renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and is upregulated via compounds, which inhibits the classical ACE, thereby plasma aldosterone and aldosterone receptor (MR) activation. MR activation may therefore protect organs from binding the COVID-19 by reducing ACE2 expression. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a frequent component in traditional Chinese medicines, which have been used to control COVID-19 infections. Its systemically active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(11betaHSD2) and activates MR in organs, which express this enzyme, including the lungs. Does this affect the protective effect of ACE2? Importantly, GL has anti-inflammatory properties by itself via toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism and therefore compensates for the reduced protection of the downregulated ACE2. Finally, a direct effect of GL or GA to reduce virus transmission exists, which may involve reduced expression of type 2 transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), which is required for virus uptake. Glycyrrhizin may reduce the severity of an infection with COVID-19 at the two stages of the COVID-19 induced disease process, 1. To block the number of entry points and 2. provide an ACE2 independent anti-inflammatory mechanism.

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Section: Ace2 Antiinflammation and Glycyrrhizin's Anti-inflammatory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection?

2020

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“…After approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Konkuk University (approval number: KU2017094) on September 04 2017, .all experiments, following the IACUC guidelines, were conducted at the Konkuk University Laboratory Animal Research Center. All procedures from Experiment design to Statistics in Materials and Methods were standardized by our institutional protocols, and followed our previous studies [8][9][10] . The data used to support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author (Seong-Hyop Kim, yshkim75@daum.net) upon request.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As described in previous studies [8][9][10] , histopathological analyses were performed. Tissues were fixed overnight at 25 °C in 4% paraformaldehyde solution (Biosesang, Seongnam, Korea) and embedded in paraffin blocks.…”

Section: Histopathological Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response in fluid therapy with crystalloids of different ratios or colloid for rats in haemorrhagic shock

Seo

Park

Piao

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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This study investigated the association between different ratios of balanced salt based-crystalloid (PLASMA SOLUTION-A [CJ HealthCare, Seoul, Korea]) (the ratios of crystalloid for blood loss, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) or balanced salt-based colloid (VOLULYTE 6% [Fresenius Kabi, Germany]) (the ratio of colloid for blood loss, 1:1) to restore blood loss and immune response in rats with haemorrhagic shock. About 50% of total estimated blood volume was removed after anaesthesia. The fluid was administered for resuscitation after exsanguination, according to the type of fluid and the ratios of exsanguinated volume and fluid volume for resuscitation. After sacrifice, expression of immune cells in blood and tissues was evaluated. Histological analyses and syndecan-1 immunohistochemistry assays were performed on tissues. Endothelial damage according to syndecan-1 and cytokine levels in blood was also assessed. Fluid resuscitation with same, twofold , or threefold volumes of crystalloid, or same volume of colloid, to treat haemorrhagic shock in rats resulted in a similar increase in blood pressure. The expression of neutrophils in blood decreased significantly after colloid administration, compared to before exsanguination. Syndecan-1 expression increased after exsanguination and fluid resuscitation in all groups, without any significant difference. In conclusion, same volume of balanced salt-based crystalloid for blood loss was enough to restore BP at the choice of fluid for the management of haemorrhagic shock in the rats, compared with different ratios of crystalloid or same volume of colloid, on the aspect of immune response.

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“…This inhibition of the classical RAAS and activation of glucocorticoid receptors may therefore add to a potential beneficial effect of glycyrrhizin via the reduction of the pro-inflammatory angiotensin II (Benicky et al, 2011). Furthermore, a direct anti-inflammatory effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and glycyrrhizin, via inhibition of TLR4 and inhibition of the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), has been described (Seo et al, 2017;Yu et al, 2005). Such actions would counteract the consequences of ACE2 suppression on inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Enrichment with Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extract Suppresses ACE2 mRNA and Protein Expression in Rats – Possible Implications for COVID-19

Ježová

Karailiev

Karailievova

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key entry point of SARS-CoV-2 virus known to induce COVID-19. We have recently outlined the concept to reduce ACE2 expression by the administration of glycyrrhizin, a component of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, via its inhibitory activity on 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11betaHSD2) and resulting activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We hypothesized that in organs, such as the intestine, which co-express 11betaHSD2, MR and ACE2, the expression of ACE2 would be suppressed. We studied organ tissues from an experiment originally designed to address the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on the stress response. Male Sprague Dawley rats were left undisturbed or exposed to chronic mild stress for five weeks. For the last two weeks, animals continued with a placebo diet or received a diet containing extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root at a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight/day. Quantitative PCR measurements showed a significant decrease in gene expression of ACE2 in the small intestine of rats fed with diet containing Glycyrrhiza glabra extract. This effect was independent of the stress condition and failed to be observed in non-target tissues, namely the heart and the brain cortex. In the small intestine we confirmed the reduction of ACE2 also at the protein level. Present findings provide first evidence to support the hypothesis that Glycyrrhiza glabra extract may reduce an entry point of SARS-CoV-2. Whether this phenomenon, when confirmed in additional studies, is linked to the susceptibility of cells to the virus requires further studies.

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Effects of Glycyrrhizin on the Differentiation of Myeloid Cells of the Heart and Lungs in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Septic Mice

Abstract: GR exhibited protective effects on the heart and lungs in LPS-induced septic mice. The effects were associated with an elevated ratio of MDSCs to CD11b+Gr1 myeloid cells and the inhibition of cytokine release and TLR4 expression after GR injection.

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection?

Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection?

Immune response in fluid therapy with crystalloids of different ratios or colloid for rats in haemorrhagic shock

Food Enrichment with Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extract Suppresses ACE2 mRNA and Protein Expression in Rats – Possible Implications for COVID-19

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