Effects of Goal Instructions, Strategy, and Role Assignment on Reducing My-Side Bias When Writing Arguments

Artificial Intelligence Education in an Elementary School and Its Evaluation by Career Development, Motivation and Rubrics

“…In other words, the motivating factors influencing career development that are used in this study are intrinsic value, attainment utility value, and expectancies for success. These three factors have been used not only in connection with career development but also in theories explaining various student behavior and are considered highly reliable (e.g., Onoda [14] found a relation to text producing behavior, Adachi et al [15] to learning strategies, and Omae [12] to career choices in the humanities and sciences).…”

Effects of Assumed Characteristics of an Imaginary Audience on Writing

“…Hayes & Flower (1980) による研究以来，文章産出プ ロセスは単線的でなく，プランニング，モニタリング， 文章化，読み直しといった行為の相互作用によって進 められるダイナミックなプロセスとして捉えられてき た (内田, 1986) 文章産出が必要である(e.g., Coirier et al, 1999) (Ferretti et al, 2000;Nussbaum & Kardash, 2005;小野田, 2015, 2018 Hayes & Flower, 1980;McCutchen, 2006;Midgette et al, 2008;Moore & MacArthur, 2012;Nussbaum & Kardash, 2005 The present study focused on writers' assumptions about their imaginary audience, examining (a) possible causes of students' difficulties in writing for an imaginary audience, and (b) methods for encouraging students to write for an imaginary audience. In Study 1, a class of eighth graders (23 boys, 20 girls) was asked to produce sentences that would persuade an audience and then to report characteristics of their imaginary audience.…”

“…因として重視されてきた(e.g., McCutchen, 2006;Midgette et al, 2008;Moore & MacArthur, 2012 Midgette et al, 2008;Nussbaum & Kardash, 2005;小野田, 2014, 2018 (Ferretti et al, 2000;小野田, 2015) ，中学 生 (Midgette et al, 2008) Ferretti et al, 2000) 。読み手に合わせた文章産出を促すためには，ま ず，学習者が読み手に合わせた文章産出に困難さを示 す原因を明らかにし，その原因に適した指導方法を考 案する必要があるといえるだろう。…”