Effects of graded doses of propofol for anesthesia induction on cardiovascular parameters and intraocular pressures in normal dogs

Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses

“…Although the human medical literature consistently reports that IOP decreases following administration of thiopental or propofol, thiopental in dogs can induce a nonsignificant transient increase with a later decrease in IOP, 9 and propofol has been associated with no change 10 or an increase in IOP. 9,11,12 It was speculated that the opposite effects of propofol and thiopental on IOP in dogs (increase) versus those in humans (decrease) might be attributable to comparatively greater extraocular muscle tone, greater scleral rigidity, greater aqueous humor production, or less aqueous humor drainage in dogs. 9,11 To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of propofol or thiopental on IOP in horses.…”

“…9,11,12 It was speculated that the opposite effects of propofol and thiopental on IOP in dogs (increase) versus those in humans (decrease) might be attributable to comparatively greater extraocular muscle tone, greater scleral rigidity, greater aqueous humor production, or less aqueous humor drainage in dogs. 9,11 To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of propofol or thiopental on IOP in horses. Neither drug caused a significant change in IOP, although propofol slightly increased IOP and thiopental slightly decreased IOP.…”

“…On the other hand, thiopental induces a nonsignificant transient increase in IOP 9 and propofol has been associated with no change 10 or an increase in IOP in dogs. 9,11,12 Species-specific differences in responses to these drugs (including effects on extraocular muscle tone, scleral rigidity, and aqueous humor ABBREVIATIONS IOP Intraocular pressure VAS Visual analogue scale production or drainage) might explain these conflicting results. 9,11 In children, ketamine hydrochloride typically increases IOP [13][14][15] ; however, this effect seems to be attenuated by low doses of ketamine.…”

Alfaxalone versus propofol in dogs: a randomised trial to assess effects on peri‐induction tear production, intraocular pressure and globe position

“…It is generally recognised that pre-anaesthetics and anaesthetic agents can affect ocular parameters, including intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production and globe position, three of the major factors to be considered in anaesthetic induction for ophthalmic surgery (Hahnenberger 1976, Neel and others 1995, Sator-Katzenschlager and others 2002, Almeida and others 2008, Hofmeister and others 2008, 2009, Grundon and others 2011, Torres and others 2012, Herbert and Murison 2013). Changes in these three parameters before, during or after intraocular/corneal ophthalmic surgery can dramatically affect the outcome, increasing the risk of intraocular complications (Neel and others 1995, Herring and others 2000).…”

“…A normal to slightly lower than normal IOP, a central and fixed globe, and physiological tear production are desirable before and during ocular surgery (Murphy 1985, Herring and others 2000, Gross and Giuliano 2007). In dogs, these ocular parameters have been investigated after the administration of methoxyflurane (Vassilieff 1976), flumazenil (Artru 1991), medetomidine (Verbruggen and others 2000, Wallin-Håkanson and Wallin-Håkanson 2001), sevoflurane, desflurane (Almeida and others 2004), nitrous oxide (Almeida and others 2008), thiopental (Hofmeister and others 2008), propofol (Batista and others 2000, Hofmeister and others 2008, 2009, Hasiuk and others 2013), ketamine–midazolam (Ghaffari and others 2010), isoflurane (Shepard and others 2011) and dexmedetomidine (Artigas and others 2012). To the authors’ knowledge, the effect of a single intravenous bolus of alfaxalone on ocular parameters has not been previously investigated in dogs.…”