Effects of Granular Carbaryl Application on Sympatric Populations ofIxodes scapularisandAmblyomma americanum(Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs

Abstract

A single application of granular carbaryl approaching the lowest recommended rate to the shrub layer of a forested area in late spring significantly reduced the abundance of Ixodes scapularis Say nymphs throughout their peak activity period, but had little effect on Amblyomma americanum L. nymphs. Factors influencing the efficacy of the application are discussed. The possible explanations for the lack of efficacy of granular carbaryl against A. americanum, including behavior, formulation, and application rate, are discussed.

Effects of an Application of Granular Carbaryl on Nontarget Forest Floor Arthropods

“…The application of carbaryl granules against statistically equivalent populations of I. scapularis nymphs resulted in 73% control compared with untreated plots. These results are generally consistent with the levels of control achieved after applications of similar dosages of granular carbaryl in previous studies (Schulze et al 2000).…”

“…A minimum of 10 m separated adjacent plot edges and no plots were located within 30 m of the treatmentÐ control interface. The applications were made at the NWS Earle (Schulze et al 2000) and Perrineville sites on 31 May 1996 with a chest-mounted Cyclone seeder (True Temper, Harrisburg, PA).…”

Biological control of the tick Ixodes ricinus with entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes: Preliminary results from laboratory experiments

“…In the past, chemical acaricides were successfully used against Ixodes scapularis adults (Schulze et al, 1987(Schulze et al, , 1992 and nymphs (Schulze et al, 1991(Schulze et al, , 1994(Schulze et al, , 2000(Schulze et al, , 2001Stafford, 1991;Curran et al, 1993). However, such an approach comprises several problems, including the development of resistance against the chemicals, undesirable effects on the environment, possible toxic effects on users, and high costs.…”

Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) and permethrin to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs

“…In field studies, broadcast and barrier synthetic chemical applications using organophosphates, carbamates, or pyrethroids have effectively controlled I. scapularis adults (Schulze et al 1987(Schulze et al , 1992Patrican and Allan 1995), nymphs (Schulze et al 1991(Schulze et al , 1994(Schulze et al , 2000(Schulze et al , 2001aStafford 1991;Solberg et al 1992;Curran et al 1993;Allan and Patrican 1995;Patrican and Allan 1995), and larvae (Schulze et al 1991;Allan and Patrican 1995). Other control methods, such as host exclusion or reduction (Stafford 1993;Daniels and Fish 1995) and environmental modifications (Schulze et al 1995;Stafford et al 1998) vary in their effectiveness.…”