Effects of Green Color Exposure on Stress, Anxiety, and Pain during Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Dental Patients Requiring Sedation

Abstract

Intravenous cannulation is an invasive procedure that causes stress, anxiety, and pain for many patients. A recent animal study found that exposure to green light induced antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects. This study examined whether green color exposure reduced stress, anxiety, and pain during peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIC) for sedation in dental patients. In this controlled clinical trial, 24 patients (mean age 40.9 years) were randomized to wear clear glasses or green-colored glasses for 15 min before PIC on two separate days in a cross-over manner. The primary outcome measures were salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity and stress-related hemodynamic changes, and the secondary outcome measures were the visual analog scale anxiety (VAS-A) and pain (VAS-P) scores during PIC. The sAA level in the clear group significantly increased during PIC compared with baseline, but did not increase in the green group. Median VAS-P scores during PIC were lower in the green group than in the clear group (VAS-P, 17.0 vs. 50.0). Green color exposure with glasses significantly reduced stress and pain during PIC without any adverse effects. This simple, safe, and effective method may be useful during painful medical procedures.

Case Report: Green Light Exposure Relieves Chronic Headache Pain in a Colorblind Patient

“…Previous animal and human studies 3 - 6 , 19 reported by multiple groups have confirmed the analgesic effect of GLED exposure. A cone-driven retinal pathway for migraine photophobia has been reported, in which 20% of patients exposed to green light experienced reduced pain intensity.…”

“…18 Establishing the exact pathways through which GLED modulates pain will require ultimately further studies, as GLED-induced analgesia could also rely on the modulation of the different visual cortices. Previous animal and human studies [3][4][5][6]19 reported by multiple groups have confirmed the analgesic effect of GLED exposure. A cone-driven retinal pathway for migraine photophobia has been reported, in which 20% of patients exposed to green light experienced reduced pain intensity.…”

Development and Validation of a Revised VAS-Anxiety Measurement Tools for Preschool Hospitalized Children

“…Twenty-one and sixty respondents were recruited for the preliminary and exploratory tests, respectively. The reliability coefficient was determined through a pilot test by collecting 20 (Acosta-Banda et al, 2021), 13 participants in a preliminary study (Takemura et al, 2021), and 20 to 30 subjects not included in the research samples (Bolarinwa, 2015) Based on (Tsang, Royse & Terkawi, 2017), respondent-to-item ratio advice ranged from 5:1 there were a total of sixty respondents. The inclusion criteria of this study were children aged three to six years, having their first experience of being hospitalized, receiving intravenous therapy, and not having a diagnosis of a chronic disease.…”

“…VAS-Anxiety is a standard assessment tool instead of many other VAS versions. With one question item, this instrument is reliable and valid in measuring anxiety, VAS of a computerized version (Abend et al, 2014), VAS can assess perioperative patient anxiety (Croke, 2020), as the VAS dental anxiety (Takemura et al, 2021). In another study, the validity and reliability of the Anxiety instrument found differences in the characteristics of the VAS instrument.…”

Creating the ICU of the future: patient-centred design to optimise recovery

“…Virtual visiting was enabled, allowing patients to communicate with family and friends. Materials and colours were carefully chosen, with colours specifically chosen to help reduce stress and pain [ 32 , 33 ], and equipment installed outside of the line of sight of the patient as practicable, to make the space feel less clinical and overwhelming for the patient. Solutions such as a workstation on wheels and doors were included to improve patient and family privacy.…”