Effects of Growth Temperature and Culture Season on Morphogenesis of Petaloid-stamen in Double-flowered Cyclamen

Abstract

This study was conducted to demonstrate the seasonal change of floral organ number and morphology, and the effect of growth temperature on floral morphology in double-flowered cyclamen with petaloid-stamens. In plants grown under seasonal variable temperature, floral organ number and morphology in petaloid-stamen type of double flower changed as time passed, but the degrees of such changes differed depending on the line; there were two types, namely, "variable" and "relatively stable", in terms of the number of outer and inner petaloid-stamens throughout the flowering period. In the plants grown under different constant temperatures, the rate of complete petals (petaloid-stamens) to the total organs in whorl 3 was greatest at 15°C, followed by the values at 25°C and 20°C. In contrast to complete petals, the rate of incomplete petals (petaloid-stamens) to the total organs in whorl 3 was greatest at 20°C, followed by the values at 25°C and 15°C. The rate of stamenlike organs to the total organs in whorl 3 did not differ significantly among treatments, and the rate of stamens to the total organs in whorl 3 was suppressed only at 25°C. Although the total numbers of stamens and stamen-like organs were similar at 15°C and 20°C, the developed positions of stamen-like organs and stamens were significantly different between 15°C and 20°C. Additional organs including stamens were produced inside the petaloid-stamen at 15°C, while restoration of the stamen was induced at 20°C. In conclusion, floral morphology shows seasonal change, and growth temperature affects the petaloidy of stamen in doubleflowered cyclamen. However, the effect on petaloidy differs according to the line.

Temperature-dependent Flower Malformation in Carnations (<i>Dianthus caryophyllus</i> L.)

“…A similar temperature-dependent phenomenon in cyclamen has been reported (Mizunoe and Ozaki, 2015); the frequency of complete petals (petaloid-stamens) was greatest at 15°C, followed by 25°C and 20°C. Mizunoe and Ozaki (2015) noted the possibility that low temperature induces (or high temperature suppresses) petaloidy and additional organ formation in double-flowered cyclamen with petaloid-stamens by reduction (or expansion) of floral homeotic gene (C-class gene) expression.…”

“…Mizunoe and Ozaki (2015) noted the possibility that low temperature induces (or high temperature suppresses) petaloidy and additional organ formation in double-flowered cyclamen with petaloid-stamens by reduction (or expansion) of floral homeotic gene (C-class gene) expression. It was similarly reported that low and high temperatures affect the expression of C-class genes in cucumbers and tomatoes respectively (Kater et al, 2001;Lozano et al, 1998).…”

Pedigree-based QTL analysis of flower size traits in two multi-parental diploid rose populations

“…The phenomenon of petaloid stamens is more common in double flowers and caused by the mutation, downregulation, or expressional boundary shift of AGAMOUS homologs. Petaloid stamens have been reported in several species besides roses ( Galimba et al., 2012 ; Bendahmane et al., 2013 ; Liu et al., 2013 ; Noor et al., 2014 ; Sun et al., 2014 ; Ma et al., 2015 ; Mizunoe and Ozaki, 2015 ; Nakatsuka and Koishi, 2018 ; Li et al., 2022b ). A recent study suggested that the transcription factor RhMYB123 is involved in the development of petaloid stamens in roses ( Li et al., 2022a ).…”

Evaluation of open-pollinated offspring in Cyclamen persicum using vegetative phenology models in a primitive breeding population

“…The genetic variability in OP cultivars is more, the high genetic variability the more adaptability as well as the farmer can develop its own seeds, reduce remarkably the costs of production. These properties make interesting the improved open-pollinated cultivars (Lana et al, 2017).…”

“…Plant models can be introduced as a helpful tool to evaluate the effects of various parameters, including climate, management conditions, on plant development and yield. Therefore, it can help to (a) recognize the best dates of planting, (b) determine the timing and concentration of fertilization, (c) aid precision agriculture, and (d) study potential effects of climate changes in plants (Lana et al, 2017). Usually, phenology models are applied with assuming no change in cultivar characteristics, but with environmental changes and sowing date to estimate a crop phenology.…”