Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts

Abstract

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.

Texture Characteristics of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) Jelly for the Elderly Based on the Gelling Agent

“…As a result, the reducing power IC 50 of sea buckthorn berry was 15.095 µg/mL (Table 3). In addition, the result was somewhat higher than that of ginseng berries (11 µg/mL), known as representative antioxidant foods [22]. Here, we expected that this antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn berry is likely due to the presence of polyphenols that can act as free radicals scavengers by donating electrons or hydrogen.…”

Ginseng Berry Juice (GBJ) Regulates the Inflammation in Acute Ulcerative Mouse Models and the Major Bioactive Substances Are Ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rd, and Re

“…GBJ was stored at −70 • C before the experiment. Biomarkers in GBJ were performed according to the previously reported method [12]. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.…”

“…The GB-related studies reported so far have clearly highlighted pharmacological activity, but studies for the application of preventive sources and functional food sources are poor. In a previous study, we reported the results of changes in physiological effects and biomarkers according to the optimal harvest time point of GB [12]. In this study, we removed the seeds of GB and prepared it as juice (GBJ).…”

Mechanism of Magnolia Volatile Oil in the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis Based on GC‐MS, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking

“…As we all know, the chemical composition of TCM is complex and exhibit large diferences in the types and quantities as afected by many factors, such as species, geographical regions, harvesting time, and processing conditions [41][42][43][44][45]. Tis would make it extremely difcult to understand the active compounds and the mechanism of TCM.…”