Effects of high-dose large neutral amino acid supplementation on exercise, motor skill, and mental performance in Australian Rules Football players

Stepto, Nigel K.; Shipperd, Benjamin; Hyman, Graeme J.; McInerney, Bernard V.; Pyne, David B.

doi:10.1139/h11-073

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the AA trial, the significantly decreased plasma tryptophan/BCAA ratio would reduce cerebral serotonin synthesis and subsequently alleviate central fatigue (Gomez‐Merino et al., ). In agreement, previous studies have reported that BCAA supplementation could maintain cognitive functions (Hassmen et al., ) and the performance in reactive motor skills (Stepto et al., ), while reducing the feeling of fatigue (Blomstrand et al., ) during strenuous exercise. Furthermore, the AA and PB trials produced similar post‐match plasma NH 3 concentrations, indicating the absence of excess hyperammonemia from BCAA metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It has been hypothesized that BCAA could prevent exercise‐induced central fatigue by competing for the same transporter across blood–brain barrier with tryptophan (Blomstrand, ). Previous studies have reported that BCAA supplementation could maintain cognitive functions (Hassmen et al., ) and performance in reactive motor skills (Stepto et al., ), while reducing the feeling of fatigue (Blomstrand et al., ) during strenuous exercise. However, one disadvantage for BCAA supplementation is the excess hyperammonemia as the result of the increased metabolism of these amino acids during exercise (MacLean et al., ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevention of perceptual‐motor decline by branched‐chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline after tennis match

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Perceptual-motor performance in prolonged tennis matches may be affected by central fatigue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), arginine, and citrulline on tennis-specific perceptual-motor performance after a simulated match. Nine male tennis players consumed 0.17 g/kg BCAA, 0.05 g/kg arginine, and 0.05 g/kg citrulline (AA trial), or placebo (PB trial) 1 h before the match. In the perceptual-motor performance test before and after the match, the subjects hit balls to the opposite direction of the examiner's movement. The AA trial showed significantly higher rate of correct direction than the PB trial after the match (AA trial: 93.63 ± 1.28%, PB trial: 69.09 ± 2.40%). The AA trial also demonstrated significantly higher post-match accuracy and consistency than the PB trial. The AA trial showed significantly lower heart rate and ratings of perceive exertion during the match, concurrently with a significantly lower plasma total tryptophan/BCAA ratio. Similar post-match plasma NH concentrations were found in both trials while the AA trial was significantly higher in NO concentration. This study suggested that the supplementation could prevent the decline in perceptual-motor performance through alleviation of central fatigue by BCAA and prevention of excess hyperammonemia by arginine and citrulline.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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confidence: 99%

Prevention of perceptual‐motor decline by branched‐chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline after tennis match

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Any modification to metabolites may affect exercise tolerance. Previous studies have shown that supplementation with amino acids can lead to changes in energy metabolites and physical performance [18,29-32]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved training tolerance by supplementation with α-Keto acids in untrained young adults: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial

Liu

Lange

Langanky

et al. 2012

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundExercise causes a variety of physiological and metabolic changes that can in turn reduce exercise tolerance. One of the potential mechanisms responsible for fatigue is “exercise-induced hyperammonemia”. Previous studies have shown that supplementation with amino acids can increase training tolerance. The α-keto acids are biochemical analogs of amino acids and can be converted to amino acids through transamination, thus reducing the cellular ammonia level. This double blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of α-keto acid supplementation (KAS) on training tolerance, training effect, and stress-recovery state.MethodsThirty-three untrained young male adults underwent four weeks of training (5 sessions/week; 30 minutes running at the individual anaerobic threshold followed by 3 x 3 minute sprints/each session). Throughout the 4 weeks of training and one week of recovery, subjects took α-ketoglutarate (AKG group, 0.2 g/kg/d, n = 9), branched-chain keto acids (BCKA group, 0.2 g/kg/d, n = 12) or isocaloric placebo (control group, n = 12) daily.ResultsThe 4th week training volume, maximum power output and muscle torque were higher in the AKG group (175 ± 42 min, 412 ± 49 Watts and 293 ± 58 Newton meters, respectively, P<0.05) and the BCKA group (158 ± 35, 390 ± 29 and 273 ± 47, P<0.05) than in the control group (92 ± 70, 381 ± 67 and 233 ± 43). The general stress and emotional exhaustion as assessed by the rest-stress-questionnaire-sport after the 3rd week of training increased significantly in the control group (P<0.05), but not in the KAS groups.ConclusionsUnder KAS, subjects could bear a higher training volume and reach a higher power output and peak muscle torque, accompanied by a better stress-recovery-state. Thus, KAS improves exercise tolerance and training effects along with a better stress-recovery state. Whether the improved training tolerance by KAS is associated with effects on ammonia homeostasis requires further observation.

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“…Furthermore, leucine/ protein ingestion reduced the overall perception of tiredness on the profile of a mood states questionnaire by 13% (20). When an amino acid formula high in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) was ingested 3 h before performance trials in Australian Rules Football players, playersÕ scores on an intricate reactive motor skills and agility performance test improved significantly (21). For the SPECOPS soldier, these results suggest that inclusion of amino acids/protein may confer benefits related to tasks requiring gross motor skills, as well as those requiring more specialized motor skills.…”

Section: Performance Benefits Of Protein Coingestion During Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Protein Intake in Military Special Operations

Ferrando

2013

The Journal of Nutrition

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Special operations are so designated for the specialized military missions they address. As a result, special operations present some unique metabolic challenges. In particular, soldiers often operate in a negative energy balance in stressful and demanding conditions with little opportunity for rest or recovery. In this framework, findings inferred from the performance literature suggest that increased protein intake may be beneficial. In particular, increased protein intake during negative caloric balance maintains lean body mass and blood glucose production. The addition of protein to mixed macronutrient supplements is beneficial for muscle endurance and power endpoints, and the use of amino acids improves gross and fine motor skills. Increasing protein intake during periods of intense training and/or metabolic demand improves subsequent performance, improves muscular recovery, and reduces symptoms of psychological stress. Consumption of protein before sleep confers the anabolic responses required for the maintenance of lean mass and muscle recovery.A maximal response in muscle protein synthesis is achieved with the consumption of 20-25 g of protein alone. However, higher protein intakes in the context of mixed-nutrient ingestion also confer anabolic benefits by reducing protein breakdown. Restricted rations issued to special operators provide less than the RDA for protein (;0.6 g/kg), and these soldiers often rely on commercial products to augment their rations. The provision of reasonable alternatives and/or certification of approved supplements by the U.S. Department of Defense would be prudent. J. Nutr. 143: 1852S-1856S, 2013.How ''Special'' Are Special Operations?Whereas units involved in special operations, or SPECOPS 4 as they are commonly known, have proven their mettle and war-fighting benefits to our countryÕs defense throughout our history, it is the uniqueness of their missions that highlights the requirement for nutritional examination. In this regard, nutrition must be viewed not merely in light of the fuel required to power a highly trained soldier, but more importantly, how the soldier can function optimally in the most demanding of environments. Although SPECOPS missions tend to be shorter in duration, the operations tempo (optempo), or the required tactical demands, is normally intense, stressful, and unpredictable. Existing data indicate that SPECOPS soldiers routinely expend >5000 kcal/d during combat operations training (1). As such, scheduled nutritional intake, in the traditional sense of military rations, is virtually impossible to achieve and unavailable in many circumstances. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has planned for such occasions by creating rations specific to the high optempo inherent in SPECOPS. Whereas standard rations, such as ''meals, ready-to-eat,'' are designed to be nutritionally complete and sustain a soldier for #21 d, rations designed for SPECOPS-type scenarios are restricted in nutritional content. According to U.S. Army regulation 40-25 (2), restrict...

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Effects of high-dose large neutral amino acid supplementation on exercise, motor skill, and mental performance in Australian Rules Football players

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Prevention of perceptual‐motor decline by branched‐chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline after tennis match

Prevention of perceptual‐motor decline by branched‐chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline after tennis match

Improved training tolerance by supplementation with α-Keto acids in untrained young adults: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial

Increased Protein Intake in Military Special Operations

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