Effects of high magnetic fields on the flow stress of 18-8 stainless steels

Fultz, B.; Morris, J.W.

doi:10.1016/0001-6160(86)90073-8

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, post-mortem optical micrography examination of the fracture samples has shown that the amount of austenite transformed into martensite near the fracture surface is greater for AISI 304L than for AISI 316LN. On the other hand, for AISI 304L there is more martensite formed in the sample tested at 77 K because the plastic deformation near the crack is greater than at 4 K. Comparison between the evolution of the volume fraction of martensite f α with strain ε obtained in this paper and experimental results taken from the works of Angel (1954), Behjati et al (2011), Fultz andMorris Jr (1986), Mei and Morris Jr (1990), Spencer et al (2004), Botshekan et al (1997) and Botshekan et al (1998). Data corresponding to tensile samples tested under quasi-static loading: (a) AISI 304L tested at T = 300 K, (b) AISI 304L tested at T = 77 K and (c) AISI 316LN tested at T = 77 K. Lee et al (1998), Murase et al (1993) and Nyilas and Yanagi (1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Figure A.22: Comparison between the stress-strain curves obtained in this paper for AISI 304L and experimental results taken from the works ofYanushkevich et al (2017),Spencer et al (2004),Cooper et al (2018), DeMania (1995,Mei and Morris Jr (1990),Fultz and Morris Jr (1986),Behjati et al (2011), Ogata et al (1985 andOgata et al (1990). Data corresponding to tensile samples tested under quasi-static loading at different temperatures: (a) T = 300 K, (b) T = 77 K and (c) T = 4 K.…”

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confidence: 93%

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Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Fernández-Pisón

Rodríguez-Martínez

García‐Tabarés

et al. 2021

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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In this paper, we have characterized the microstructural evolution and the plastic flow and fracture behaviours of AISI 304L and AISI 316LN stainless steel grades at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) and at liquid helium temperature (4 K). Uninterrupted tensile experiments, where the sample is continuously deformed under quasi-static loading conditions until fracture, have been carried out with a Single-Section Sample to obtain the stress-strain characteristics of the two grades. Interrupted tensile experiments, in which the sample is unloaded before fracture, have been performed with a novel Double-Section Sample to later characterize the strain-induced martensitic transformation at different levels of deformation. The content of martensite has been determined post-mortem, using magnetic induction, electron backscatter diffraction and quantitative light optical micrography. The results obtained with the three methods show quantitative agreement, and reveal that the martensitic transformation in AISI 304L occurs faster and to a greater extent than in AISI 316LN both at 77 K and at 4 K. To the authors' knowledge, in this paper we provide the first experimental results for the evolution of the content of strain-induced martensite in AISI 304L and AISI 316LN samples tested at liquid helium temperature. In addition, the experimental data for the evolution of the martensite volume fraction with the strain have been used to identify the temperature-dependent parameters of the martensitic transformation kinetic models proposed by Olson and Cohen (1975) and Garion and Skoczeń (2002). Moreover, Mode I fracture tests with fatigue-precracked Compact Samples have been carried out to determine the fracture properties of the two investigated materials using the "resistance curve procedure" (ASTM-E1820-20a, 2020). The crack-growth resistance curves have been obtained with four different methods here referred to as ASTM Compliance Method, W-N Compliance Method, Modified W-N Compliance Method and ASTM Normalization Method, which is an original methodological contribution of this paper. While the four approaches yield similar results for the fracture toughness, only the W-N Compliance Method and the Modified W-N Compliance Method, the latter being proposed in this paper, fulfil all the requirements of the standard ASTM-E1820-20a (2020) so that the calculated fracture toughness can be accepted as a material property. The comparison of results for both materials and testing temperatures shows that the AISI 316LN displays higher fracture toughness than the AISI 304L. Moreover, post-mortem microstructural analysis of the Compact Samples near the fracture surface has revealed that the content of martensite is greater in AISI 304L than in AISI 316LN. Furthermore, for AISI 304L more martensite is formed in the sample tested at 77 K because the plastic deformation near the crack is greater than at 4 K.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Fernández-Pisón

Rodríguez-Martínez

García‐Tabarés

et al. 2021

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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“…Moreover, the fracture tests data have been used to determine the crack-growth resistance J − R curves and the fracture toughness of the investigated materials using four different methods here referred to as ASTM Compliance Cooper et al (2018), DeMania (1995, Mei and Morris Jr (1990), Fultz and Morris Jr (1986), Behjati et al (2011), Ogata et al (1985 and Ogata et al (1990). Data corresponding to tensile samples tested under quasi-static loading at different temperatures: (a) T = 300 K, (b) T = 77 K and (c) T = 4 K. Wang et al (2008), Wang et al (2010), Botshekan et al (1997), Botshekan et al (1998), Obst and Pattanayak (1982), Pattanayak (1984), Czarkowski et al (2011), Park et al (2011 and Couturier and Sgobba (2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No graph is included for the AISI 316LN tested at room temperature because, in agreement with other authors, see Botshekan et al (1998) and Pattanayak (1984), the martensitic transformation is negligible. Angel (1954), Behjati et al (2011), Fultz andMorris Jr (1986), Mei and Morris Jr (1990), Spencer et al (2004), Botshekan et al (1997) and Botshekan et al (1998). Data corresponding to tensile samples tested under quasi-static loading: (a) AISI 304L tested at T = 300 K, (b) AISI 304L tested at T = 77 K and (c) AISI 316LN tested at T = 77 K.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Fernández-Pisón¹,

Rodríguez-Martínez²,

García-Tabares³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this paper, we have characterized the microstructural evolution and the plastic flow and fracture behaviours of AISI 304L and AISI 316LN stainless steel grades at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) and at liquid helium temperature (4 K). Uninterrupted tensile experiments, where the sample is continuously deformed under quasi-static loading conditions until fracture, have been carried out with a Single-Section Sample to obtain the stress-strain characteristics of the two grades. Interrupted tensile experiments, in which the sample is unloaded before fracture, have been performed with a novel Double-Section Sample to later characterize the strain-induced martensitic transformation at different levels of deformation. The content of martensite has been determined post-mortem, using magnetic induction, electron backscatter diffraction and quantitative light optical micrography. The results obtained with the three methods show quantitative agreement, and reveal that the martensitic transformation in AISI 304L occurs faster and to a greater extent than in AISI 316LN both at 77 K and at 4 K. To the authors' knowledge, in this paper we provide the first experimental results for the evolution of the content of strain-induced martensite in AISI 304L and AISI 316LN samples tested at liquid helium temperature. In addition, the experimental data for the evolution of the martensite volume fraction with the strain have been used to identify the temperature-dependent parameters of the martensitic transformation kinetic models proposed by Olson and Cohen (1975) and Garion and Skoczen (2002). Moreover, Mode I fracture tests with fatigue-precracked Compact Samples have been carried out to determine the fracture properties of the two investigated materials using the "resistance curve procedure" (ASTM-E1820-20a, 2020). The crack-growth resistance curves have been obtained with four different methods here referred to as ASTM Compliance Method, W-N Compliance Method, Modified W-N Compliance Method and ASTM Normalization Method, which is an original methodological contribution of this paper. While the four approaches yield similar results for the fracture toughness, only the W-N Compliance Method and the Modified W-N Compliance Method, the latter being proposed in this paper, fulfil all the requirements of the standard ASTM-E1820-20a (2020) so that the calculated fracture toughness can be accepted as a material property. The comparison of results for both materials and testing temperatures shows that the AISI 316LN displays higher fracture toughness than the AISI 304L. Moreover, post-mortem microstructural analysis of the Compact Samples near the fracture surface has revealed that the content of martensite is greater in AISI 304L than in AISI 316LN. Furthermore, for AISI 304L more martensite is formed in the sample tested at 77 K because the plastic deformation near the crack is greater than at 4 K.

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“…The effects of a magnetic field on martensitic transformation have been studied extensively. [7][8][9][10][11] Sadovsky et al 6) found that the martensitic transformation in a Fe-Ni-Cr-C alloy was accelerated by a pulsed high magnetic field at a temperature above the starting temperature of the martensitic transformation (M s ). Krivoglaz and Sadovsky 8) have proposed that the rise of the starting temperature of the martensitic transformation can be expressed by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnetic Field on Weld Zone by Spot-welding in Stainless Steel

2006

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Spot welding is performed through a resistance welding process in which the components to be welded are clamped between two electrodes supplying heat current. It is known that a weld fusion zone and a heat-affected zone (HAZ), which experience high temperature followed by rapid cooling to room temperature, exhibit very different microstructures, compared with those of base materials. The microstructure of the weld fusion zone and HAZ (weld zone) is influenced by many factors such as chemical composition, welding condition and peak temperature. In this study, the effect of magnetic field on HAZ in spot welded stainless steel was studied. For this purpose, deformed and undeformed 301 type stainless steel (Fe17mass%Cr-7mass%Ni-0.1mass%C-0.5mass%Si-0.99mass%Mn) samples with aЈ martensite phase and g austenite phase, respectively, were spot-welded under a magnetic field up to 2 T. The welded surfaces and the cross-section planes were examined using an optical microscope. It was found that the area of HAZ was increased with increasing magnetic field, as well as the heat input power. Moreover, the area of weld zone in deformed stainless steel is larger than that in undeformed stainless steel. Based on the experimental results, the effect of magnetic field on HAZ in spot-welded stainless steel was discussed.KEY WORDS: stainless steel; phase transformation; welding; magnetic field; process control; Lorentz force.ISIJ International, Vol. 46 (2006), No. 9, pp. 1292-1296 experimental results, the effect of magnetic field on weld zone in spot-welded stainless steel was discussed. ExperimentalThe specimen for the present investigation was a SUS 301 type stainless steel with the dimensions of 10 mmϫ 10 mmϫ1 mm. The chemical composition (mass%) of the stainless steel studied was: Cr 17.0, Ni 7.0, C 0.1, Mn 0.99, Si 0.5 and Fe bal. After austenitization at 1 323 K (1 050°C) for 2 h, some specimens were compression deformed at 77 K to introduce the aЈ martensite phase. Magnetic measurement of deformed specimen was conducted in a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM; BHV-55, Riken Denshi Co. Ltd.) at room temperature with a maximum magnetic field of 1 T to calculate the amount of the aЈ martensite phase. Since the saturation magnetization of the deformed specimen was 37 emu/g, the amount of aЈ martensite phase in the deformed specimen was estimated to be about 20-25 % by using the saturation magnetization of SUS 304 type stainless steel.Heating by a spot welding machine under a magnetic field was carried out for both deformed and undeformed samples with aЈ martensite and austenite g phases, respectively. Hereafter, this operation will be called as "welding", although no material was jointed with the stainless steel sample. Heat input power and maximum magnetic field is 10 W s and 2 T, respectively. Magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the spot welding direction, as shown in Fig. 1.The welded surfaces were examined using an OM. To observe the weld zone in the deformed stainless steel with aЈ martensite phase, a magnetic etchin...

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Effects of high magnetic fields on the flow stress of 18-8 stainless steels

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Flow and fracture of austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures

Effect of Magnetic Field on Weld Zone by Spot-welding in Stainless Steel

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