Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural kenya

Powers, Julie E; Mureithi, MaryAnne; Mboya, John; Campolo, Jake; Swarthout, Jenna; Pajka, Joseph; Null, Clair; Pickering, Amy J.

doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510863

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In a recent study in Kenya, heavy rainfall and extreme temperature were associated with increased E. coli in source water from boreholes, springs, and wells while heavy rainfall but not extreme temperature was associated with increased E. coli in stored drinking water 14 . In the same study, heavy rainfall did not increase stored water contamination among households that treated their water 14 . Our findings suggest that treatment and safe storage of drinking water is especially important following extreme rainfall and temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of weather extremes on fecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households

Niven,

Islam,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Weather extremes are predicted to influence pathogen exposure but their effects on specific fecal-oral transmission pathways are not well investigated. We evaluated effects of extreme rain and temperature during different antecedent periods (0-14 days) on E. coli along eight fecal-oral transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households. Methods: E. coli was enumerated in mother and child hand rinses, food, stored drinking water, tubewells, flies, ponds, and courtyard soil using IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000 in nine rounds over 3.5 years (n=26,659 samples) and spatiotemporally matched to daily weather data. We used generalized linear models with robust standard errors to estimate E. coli count ratios (ECRs) associated with extreme rain and temperature, defined as >90th percentile of daily values during the study period. Findings: Controlling for temperature, extreme rain on the sampling day was associated with increased E. coli in food (ECR=3.13 (1.63, 5.99), p=0.001), stored drinking water (ECR=1.98 (1.36, 2.88), p<0.0005) and ponds (ECR=3.46 (2.34, 5.11), p<0.0005), and reduced E. coli in soil (ECR=0.36 (0.24, 0.53), p<0.0005). Extreme rain the day before sampling was associated with reduced E. coli in tubewells (ECR=0.10 (0.02, 0.62), p=0.014). Effects were similar for rainfall 1-7 days before sampling and slightly attenuated for rainfall 14 days before sampling. Controlling for rainfall, extreme temperature on the sampling day was associated increased E. coli in stored drinking water (ECR=1.49 (1.05, 2.12), p=0.025) and food (ECR=3.01 (1.51, 6.01), p=0.002). Rainfall/temperature was not consistently associated with E. coli on hands and flies. Interpretation: In rural Bangladesh, measures to control enteric infections following weather extremes should focus on reducing contamination of drinking water and food stored at home and reducing exposure to surface waters. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, World Bank.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of weather extremes on fecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households

Niven,

Islam,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two fecal coliform comparisons had significant differences (tropical areas, A vs temperate areas, C; tropical areas, A vs dry areas, B), but country income was a confounding factor for both comparisons. A recent study in Kenya found that high 7-day temperature was associated with decreased E. coli levels on hands . A review on the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections found increased risks in bacterial enteric infections and decreased risks in viral infections for every 1 °C temperature rise .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study in Kenya found that high 7day temperature was associated with decreased E. coli levels on hands. 106 A review on the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections found increased risks in bacterial enteric infections and decreased risks in viral infections for every 1 °C temperature rise. 107 Our results also suggest that temperature may influence hand contamination levels.…”

Section: Adults Compared To Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hands Are Frequently Contaminated with Fecal Bacteria and Enteric Pathogens Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2023

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enteric pathogen infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with the highest disease burden in low-income countries. Hands act as intermediaries in enteric pathogen transmission, transferring enteric pathogens between people and the environment through contact with fomites, food, water, and soil. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of prevalence and concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (i.e., E. coli, fecal coliform) and enteric pathogens on hands. We identified 84 studies, reporting 35,440 observations of hand contamination of people in community or household settings. The studies investigated 44 unique microorganisms, of which the most commonly reported indicators were E. coli and fecal coliforms. Hand contamination with 12 unique enteric pathogens was reported, with adenovirus and norovirus as the most frequent. Mean E. coli prevalence on hands was 62% [95% CI 40%–82%] and mean fecal coliform prevalence was 66% [95% CI 22%–100%]. Hands were more likely to be contaminated with E. coli in low/lower-middle-income countries (prevalence: 69% [95% CI 48%–88%]) than in upper-middle/high-income countries (6% [95% CI 2%–12%]). The Review also highlights the importance of standardizing hand sampling methods, as hand rinsing was associated with greater fecal contamination compared to other sampling methods.

show abstract

“…Two fecal coliform comparisons had significant differences (tropical areas, A vs. temperate areas, C; tropical areas, A vs. dry areas, B), but country income was a confounding factor for both comparisons. A recent study in Kenya found that high 7-day temperature was associated with decreased E. coli levels on hands (106). A review on the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections found increased risks in bacterial enteric infections and decreased risks in viral infections for every 1ºC temperature rise (107).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results align with other studies that have found no difference in contamination levels with direct comparisons between adults and children (25,45). (106). A review on the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections found increased risks in bacterial enteric infections and decreased risks in viral infections for every 1ºC temperature rise (107).…”

Section: Urban Compared To Rural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hands are frequently contaminated with fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cantrell

Sylvestre

Scheidegger

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enteric pathogen infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with the highest disease burden in low-income countries. Hands act as intermediaries in enteric pathogen transmission, transferring enteric pathogens between people and the environment through contact with food, water, and soil. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of prevalence and concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (i.e., E. coli, fecal coliform) and enteric pathogens on hands. We identified eighty studies, reporting 31,305 observations of hand contamination of people in community or household settings. The studies investigated 45 unique microorganisms, of which the most commonly reported indicators were E. coli and fecal coliforms. Hand contamination with 14 unique enteric pathogens was reported, with adenovirus and rotavirus as the most frequent. Mean E. coli prevalence on hands was 40% [95% CI 18%-62%] and mean fecal coliform prevalence was 42% [95% CI 16%-69%]. Hands were more likely to be contaminated with E. coli in low/lower-middle-income countries (prevalence: 49% [25% - 72%]) than in upper-middle/high-income countries (6% [1% - 12%]). In low/lower-middle income countries, E. coli prevalence was higher in urban compared to rural settings (52% mean prevalence in urban versus 33% in rural), although substantial heterogeneity between studies limited confidence in this finding. The review also highlighted the importance of standardizing hand sampling methods, as hand rinsing was associated with greater fecal contamination compared to other sampling methods.

show abstract

Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural kenya

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

Effects of weather extremes on fecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households

Effects of weather extremes on fecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households

Hands Are Frequently Contaminated with Fecal Bacteria and Enteric Pathogens Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Hands are frequently contaminated with fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About