Effects of hoof shape, body mass and velocity on surface strain in the wall of the unshod forehoof of Standardbreds trotting on a treadmill

Thomason, J. J.; Bignell, W.; Batiste, D; Sears, William

doi:10.1079/ecep20034

Cited by 15 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…6b). This mechanism causes regional differences in surface strains (Thomason, et al, 2004) and, from the present data, in stress and deformation of the laminar junction. Individual variation in external shape measurements among hooves superimposes individual variation in stress and deformation on the common pattern among hooves.…”

Section: Influence Of Mechanical Behavior On Laminar Junction Morphologysupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Over time, biological responses to cumulative mechanical behavior can cause changes in the intrinsic modifiers in a feedback mechanism. Reproduced with permission from Thomason et al (2004).…”

Section: Biological Responses To Variations In Mechanical Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hoof shape is known to have complex effects on principal strains acting in the plane of wall's surface (Thomason et al, 2004). By inference, capsule shape should also affect the distribution of stress and strain magnitudes in the laminar junction and in turn affect laminar morphology.…”

Section: Feedback Path From External Shape To Internal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We would like to thank CABI Publishing for granting us the permission to reproduce their figure from Thomason et al (2004).…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical behavior and quantitative morphology of the equine laminar junction

et al. 2005

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The horse's hoof is structurally modified for its mechanical functions, but studying the functional design of internal structures is hampered by the external keratinous capsule. Finite-element analysis offers one method for evaluating mechanical function of components within the capsule, such as the laminar junction. This is the epidermodermal connection that binds the hoof wall strongly to the distal phalanx. Primary epidermal laminae (PEL), projecting inward from the wall, vary in morphology and are remodeled despite being keratinous. The aim of this study is to investigate the suggestion that remodeling of PEL is influenced by mechanical stress. Circumferential and proximodistal stress distribution and relative displacement in the laminar junction are assessed by finite-element analysis (FEA) of nine hoof models. Spacing, orientation, and curvature of PEL are assessed from sections through 47 other hooves and compared with the stress and displacement data. Significant correlations are found between laminar spacing and seven displacement and stress variables, supporting the link between stresses and remodeling. Differences in external hoof shape cause regional variation in stress magnitudes around the laminar junction. This finding is in accord with previous observations that laminar morphology is individually regionally variable. This work provides the first concrete link between mechanical behavior and laminar morphology. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: finite-element analysis; quantitative morphology;horse; hoof; laminar junction; displacement; stress; biomechanics As a result of being coopted as part of the musculoskeletal system, the equine hoof shares two attributes with that system: numerous modifications for the mechanical functions the hoof performs, and the capacity to respond to variations in loading over time. Hoof anatomy, microstructure, and growth are well documented (Stump, 1967), and ground reaction forces (GRFs) during locomotion have been experimentally recorded to determine the hoof's general mechanical function (Merkens et al., 1993). But the hoof's keratinous capsule and the nature of its attachment to the dermis and skeleton impede detailed study in vivo of its functional design and of the nature and mechanisms of its biological response to variability in loading regimes. Thus, the deceptively simple smooth exterior guards its secrets better than any crenellated castle wall.Finite-element analyses (FEAs) are clearly applicable to this situation, especially given that there are good data on the external shape and loading of the hoof, the properties of its materials and strains in the wall during locomotion. Most previous FEAs of the equine hoof have focused on the capsule (Newlyn et al., 1998;Hinterhofer et al., 2000,

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Section: Influence Of Mechanical Behavior On Laminar Junction Morphologysupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Biological Responses To Variations In Mechanical Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Feedback Path From External Shape To Internal Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We would like to thank CABI Publishing for granting us the permission to reproduce their figure from Thomason et al (2004).…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical behavior and quantitative morphology of the equine laminar junction

et al. 2005

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“…Other factors, such as trimming techniques, gait and direction of travel also affect hoof capsule shape 2,3 . Active change in morphology alters the distribution of stress and strain within the hoof 4,5 , which may in turn stimulate further shape change in a feedback mechanism 6,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in shape of the Standardbred distal phalanx and hoof capsule in response to exercise

Cruz

Thomason

Faramarzi

et al. 2006

Equine Comp. Exerc. Physiol.

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The aims of this study were to determine whether the equine distal phalanx changes in shape in response to exercise and to relate any osseous changes to those in the hoof capsule. Eighteen mature Standardbred horses were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. Exercised horses were jogged on a straight track at individual mean speeds between 4 and 8 m s 21 for 10-45 min, 4 days per week for 16 weeks. Both groups were similarly shod and pastured on the same field. Before and after the training period, each horse had digital photographs and magnetic resonance images (MRI) made of the right forehoof. Five linear measurements of the distal phalanx were recorded from the MRI and 24 measurements of the hoof capsule were made on the digital photographs. Small but significant changes in bone width (P ¼ 0.039) were found in the controls and in two sagittal measurements of bone length (P ¼ 0.039, 0.001, respectively) for the exercise group. These changes were slight and did not correlate with changes in shape of the hoof capsule, suggesting that the bone acts as a stable platform for supporting the capsule and withstanding loads.

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Evidence-Based Lameness Detection and Quantification

Keegan

2007

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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Effects of hoof shape, body mass and velocity on surface strain in the wall of the unshod forehoof of Standardbreds trotting on a treadmill

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Mechanical behavior and quantitative morphology of the equine laminar junction

Mechanical behavior and quantitative morphology of the equine laminar junction

Changes in shape of the Standardbred distal phalanx and hoof capsule in response to exercise

Evidence-Based Lameness Detection and Quantification

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