Effects of hormones and hormone therapy on breast tissue in transgender patients: a concise review

A rare case of breast cancer in a transgender woman

“…In cisgender men, most estrogen is created from the peripheral aromatization of androgens in the fat, brain, skin, and bone tissues. Supplemental exogenous estrogen leads to the development of breast tissue in transgender women and is central to CSH therapy [8] . The association of ER+ tumors with estrogen dose and exposure length in postmenopausal cisgender women has long been established [9] .…”

Spectrum of imaging findings in gender-affirming genital surgery: Intraoperative photographs, normal post-operative anatomy, and common complications

“…12). There is well-established evidence that estrogen hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women increases the risk of breast cancer [20]. Transgender women usually will have less lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone [21].…”

The molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast

“…One opportunity to study androgen signaling in humans lies in the analyses of tissues obtained from transgender men receiving gender-affirming care. Transgender is a term to describe a discordance between a person's sense of gender identity and their sex recorded at birth 10 . Transgender men are individuals who were recorded female at birth, but identify as male, while cisgender women are recorded female at birth and identify as such.…”