Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (<i>Panthera tigris</i>) and prey populations in Lao PDR

Johnson, Arlyne; Vongkhamheng, Chantavy; Hedemark, Michael; Saithongdam, Thavisouk

doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x

Cited by 138 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The estimates of tiger density across our study site in Chitwan were higher than numerous sites in Central and North India (24) and several times higher than sites in Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Bhutan (25)(26)(27)(28). In addition, tiger occupancy was 12-30% greater than sites in Indonesia and India (29,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…In addition, tiger occupancy was 12-30% greater than sites in Indonesia and India (29,30). Human foot traffic across the study site was also orders of magnitude greater than traffic reported for other areas of the tigers' range (using similar methodology) (25,26). Over the last decade, tigers have maintained high densities in Chitwan (15,31), although human density in settled areas surrounding the park has increased 20% (212-255 people/km 2 ) (32), approximately two times the average human density (127 people/km 2 ) among 12 of 13 tiger range countries (except Bangladesh) in 2010 (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…We summed the number of detections for each entity for each camera trap. Detections were defined as (i) consecutive pictures of different individuals or vehicles, (ii) consecutive pictures of individuals or vehicles >0.5 h apart, and (iii) nonconsecutive pictures of individuals or vehicles (25). If the number of detections varied between cameras in a pair, we used the larger number.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales

Carter

Shrestha

Karki

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

336

252

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Many wildlife species face imminent extinction because of human impacts, and therefore, a prevailing belief is that some wildlife species, particularly large carnivores and ungulates, cannot coexist with people at fine spatial scales (i.e., cannot regularly use the exact same point locations). This belief provides rationale for various conservation programs, such as resettling human communities outside protected areas. However, quantitative information on the capacity and mechanisms for wildlife to coexist with humans at fine spatial scales is scarce. Such information is vital, because the world is becoming increasingly crowded. Here, we provide empirical information about the capacity and mechanisms for tigers (a globally endangered species) to coexist with humans at fine spatial scales inside and outside Nepal's Chitwan National Park, a flagship protected area for imperiled wildlife. Information obtained from field cameras in 2010 and 2011 indicated that human presence (i.e., people on foot and vehicles) was ubiquitous and abundant throughout the study site; however, tiger density was also high. Surprisingly, even at a fine spatial scale (i.e., camera locations), tigers spatially overlapped with people on foot and vehicles in both years. However, in both years, tigers offset their temporal activity patterns to be much less active during the day when human activity peaked. In addition to temporal displacement, tiger-human coexistence was likely enhanced by abundant tiger prey and low levels of tiger poaching. Incorporating fine-scale spatial and temporal activity patterns into conservation plans can help address a major global challenge-meeting human needs while sustaining wildlife.adaptation | coupled human and natural systems | ecosystem services | overlap | sustainability

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales

Carter

Shrestha

Karki

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

336

252

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“…To mitigate the effects of auto-correlation, we only counted one photo per day [41]. Previous research with camera-traps has demonstrated that the number of photographs closely correlates with population abundance [41][42][43][44][45] (but see Jennelle et al [46]). We address the lack of independence between trapping rates and abundance estimates [46] by having trapping efforts of greater than 250 camera-days [47] and by confirming the results with track-plot indices of abundance.…”

Section: Analysis: Indices Of Relative Abundances and Species Richnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hunting and Fragmentation on Terrestrial Mammals in the Chiquitano Forests of Bolivia

Kosydar

Rumiz

Conquest

et al. 2014

Tropical Conservation Science

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In recently fragmented landscapes, hunting pressure increases because hunters can access previously remote habitats. Yet fewer than 0.5% of fragmentation studies with mammals have also assessed the impacts of hunting. Herein, by means of camera-traps and track-plots, we analyzed the impact of hunting and forest fragmentation on species richness and relative abundances of twelve species of large and mediumsized mammals. With both methods we found fewer species in hunted sites than in control sites, but the effect was inconsistent in fragmented habitats with hunting. Hunting negatively affected the indices of abundance for five of the 12 species and never had a positive effect. Contrary to the hypothesis that the combination of fragmentation and hunting would lead to the largest decrease in abundance, we found that the addition of fragmentation in hunted landscapes negatively affected only two species (red brocket deer [Mazama americana] and margay cat [Leopardus wiedii]) and positively affected three smaller species (crab-eating foxes [Cerdocyon thous], coatis [Nasua nasua], and agoutis [Dasyprocta spp.]). We also found a significant relationship between body mass and the effects of fragmentation (smaller species positively affected), but no relationship between body mass and the effect of hunting. Had we only compared results from the control with fragmented sites, we would have found a negative effect of fragmentation on five species abundance indices, a negative effect on species richness, and a positive effect on three species abundance indices. These results indicate that a failure to explicitly incorporate the effects of hunting into the design of fragmentation experiments can lead to widely different conclusions.Keywords: camera-trap, track-plot, multimodel inference, relative abundance, species richness Resumen En paisajes recientemente fragmentados, la presión de cacería aumenta porque los cazadores pueden acceder a hábitats antes remotos. Sin embargo, menos del 0,5% de los estudios de fragmentación sobre mamíferos ha evaluado también el impacto de la cacería. Por medio de trampas-cámara y parcelas de huellas analizamos los impactos de la cacería y la fragmentación sobre la riqueza y abundancia relativa de doce especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes. Con ambos métodos encontramos menos especies en el sitio bajo cacería, pero el efecto fue inconsistente cuando sumamos la fragmentación. La cacería afectó negativamente los índices de abundancia de 5 de las 12 especies, y nunca tuvo un efecto positivo. Contrario a la hipótesis de que la fragmentación y cacería combinadas llevarían a la mayor disminución de la abundancia, encontramos que la adición de la fragmentación sólo afectó negativamente a dos especies (un venado [Dasyprocta spp.]). Encontramos una relación significativa entre masa corporal y efecto de fragmentación (especies menores afectadas positivamente), pero no entre masa corporal y efecto de la caza. Si hubiéramos comparado sólo los resultados del control y sitios fragmentados, habrí...

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“…Humans commonly hunt large carnivores and an increase in human presence can therefore be considered to equate to an increased predation risk (Wolf & Ale, 2009). Globally, large predators have been shown to demonstrate human avoidance, not only due to the threat of being hunted but also as a result of habitat degradation and a depletion of natural prey species (Whittington, Clair, & Mercer, 2005;Johnson, Vongkhamheng, Hedemark, & Saithongdam, 2006;Gavashelishvili & Lukarevskiy, 2008;Chávez, 2010;Conde et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Habitat features influencing jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) occupancy in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica

Arroyo-Arce

Guilder²,

Salom-Pérez³

2014

RBT

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Abstract:Habitat characteristics and human activities are known to play a major role in the occupancy of jaguars Panthera onca across their range, however the key variables influencing jaguar distribution in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica, have yet to be identified. This study evaluated jaguar occupancy in Tortuguero National Park and the surrounding area. Jaguar detection/non-detection data was collected using digital camera traps distributed within the boundaries of the protected area. Local community members were also interviewed to determine jaguar occurrence in the Park's buffer zone. Occupancy models were then applied to identify the habitat characteristics that may better explain jaguar distribution across the study area. From June 2012 to June 2013, a total of 4 339 camera trap days were used to identify 18 individual jaguars inside the protected area; 17 of these jaguars were exclusively detected within the coastal habitat, whilst the remaining individual was detected solely within the interior of the Park. Interviewees reported 61 occasions of jaguar presence inside the buffer zone, between 1995 and 2013, with 80% of these described by the communities of Lomas de Sierpe, Barra de Parismina and La Aurora. These communities also reported the highest levels of livestock predation by jaguars (85% of attacks). In the study area, jaguar occurrence was positively correlated with the seasonal presence of nesting green turtles Chelonia mydas, and negatively correlated with distance to the Park boundary. Our findings suggested that the current occupancy of the jaguar in the study area may be a response to: 1) the vast availability of prey (marine turtles) on Tortuguero beach, 2) the decline of its primary prey species as a result of illegal hunting inside the Park, and 3) the increase in anthropogenic pressures in the Park boundaries. Rev. Biol.

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Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR

Cited by 138 publications

References 37 publications

Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales

Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales

Effects of Hunting and Fragmentation on Terrestrial Mammals in the Chiquitano Forests of Bolivia

Habitat features influencing jaguar Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) occupancy in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica

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