2021
DOI: 10.3390/d13020068
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Effects of Human Disturbance on Terrestrial Apex Predators

Abstract: The effects of human disturbance spread over virtually all ecosystems and ecological communities on Earth. In this review, we focus on the effects of human disturbance on terrestrial apex predators. We summarize their ecological role in nature and how they respond to different sources of human disturbance. Apex predators control their prey and smaller predators numerically and via behavioral changes to avoid predation risk, which in turn can affect lower trophic levels. Crucially, reducing population numbers a… Show more

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Cited by 35 publications
(18 citation statements)
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References 193 publications
(299 reference statements)
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“…Although conservation and management plans based on the ecological role of wolves have gained support in different ecosystems (Hebblewhite et al, 2005;Ordiz et al, 2021), further steps are needed to put theory in practice, a concern that applies for wolves in Spain and for this and other species elsewhere. Restricting wolf lethal control and favoring natural predator-prey interactions by reducing depredation on properly protected livestock should help achieve the goals mentioned above; namely, favoring the recovery of the species and its role in nature and its acceptability by the general public.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Although conservation and management plans based on the ecological role of wolves have gained support in different ecosystems (Hebblewhite et al, 2005;Ordiz et al, 2021), further steps are needed to put theory in practice, a concern that applies for wolves in Spain and for this and other species elsewhere. Restricting wolf lethal control and favoring natural predator-prey interactions by reducing depredation on properly protected livestock should help achieve the goals mentioned above; namely, favoring the recovery of the species and its role in nature and its acceptability by the general public.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, conflicts often involve groups of people with different opinions on wildlife, i.e., they are rather "humanhuman" conflicts over conservation goals (Redpath et al, 2013). Large carnivores can affect some human activities and trigger mixed perceptions from stakeholders (Redpath et al, 2013;Ordiz et al, 2021). Large carnivore management, especially wolf management, plays out in heated debates over the range of the species (Mech, 1995;Clark et al, 1996;Skogen and Krange, 2003;Treves and Karanth, 2003;Bergstrom et al, 2009;Redpath et al, 2017), and Spain is no exception.…”
Section: Social Reactionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Predation has a major impact on the structure of natural communities and population growth rate of rodents [ 58 ]. The reduction of natural predation is one of the most significant effects of anthropogenic action in rural landscapes [ 59 , 60 ]. We hypothesized that predator exclusion would alter species diversity, rodent abundance, and thus the prevalence of hantaviruses among resident rodent reservoir populations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%