Effects of hydrogen on polarization of macrophages and microglia in a stroke model

Abstract

It has been confirmed that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. The polarization of microglia as an important participant in the inflammation following stroke is also found to be involved in stroke. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrogen gas on the polarization of macrophages/microglia in vitro. Raw264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides and then exposed to hydrogen. The microglia were treated with the supernatant from oxygen and glucose deprivation-treated neurons and then exposed to hydrogen. The phenotypes of Raw 264.7 cells and microglia were determined by flow cytometry, and cell morphology was observed. Results showed lipopolysaccharides significantly increased the M1 macrophages, and the supernatant from oxygen and glucose deprivation-treated neurons dramatically elevated the proportion of M1 microglia, but both treatments had little influence on the M2 cells. In addition, hydrogen treatment significantly inhibited the increase in M1 cells, but had no influence on M2 ones. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotection of hydrogen may be related to its regulation of microglia in the nervous system after stroke.

Hydrogen Gas in Cancer Treatment

“…Hydrogen gas has been recognized as one medical gas that has potential in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer (17, 60). As a hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite scavenger, and due to its anti-inflammatory effects, hydrogen gas may work to prevent/relieve the adverse effects caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy without compromise their anti-cancer potential (as summarized in Table 1 and Figure 1).…”

“…Inflammatory cytokines are a series of signal molecules that mediate the innate immune response, whose dys-regulation may contribute in many diseases, including cancer (53–55). Typical inflammatory cytokines include interleukins (ILs) excreted by white blood cells, tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) excreted by macrophages, both of which have shown close linkage to cancer initiation and progression (56–59), and both of ILs and TNFs can be suppressed by hydrogen gas (60, 61).…”

Lung macrophages are involved in lung injury secondary to repetitive diving

“…In recent years, hydrogen has been found to protect against various diseases, mainly by suppressing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and compromising cell apoptosis (Ohsawa et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2009;Abe et al, 2012). Our previous study has demonstrated that high-concentration hydrogen (HCH) gas (66.7% H 2 and 33.3% O 2 ) can affect the polarization of macrophages in a stroke model (Ning et al, 2018). Whether hydrogen gas is also protective on DILI via inhibiting macrophage polarization is unclear.…”

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Obese Donors Polarize Macrophages and Microglia toward a Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype

“…Cells were harvested at passage four (p4) with 0.25% trypsin, 1 mM EDTA (ThermoFisher) and all experiments were conducted with p5 ASCs. As in previous studies, immortalized macrophage and microglial cell lines were used in order to control the passage number and to avoid the impact of accidentally co-isolated cell populations common in primary culture [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. The murine microglial cell line SIM-A9 was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and maintained in DMEM: F12 culture medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (ThermoFisher), 5% heat inactivated horse serum (HS; ThermoFisher), and 1% anti-mycotic, anti-biotic.…”