Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Steelhead Survival in Air-Supersaturated Water

Knittel, M. D.; Chapman, G. A.; Garton, Ronald R.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1980)109<755:eohpos>2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Variations in operating conditions were within acceptable levels and consistent with those reported in the literature (Knittel et al 1980;Machado et al 1987;Herman 1989, 1991;Edsall and Smith 1991;Smith 1991, 1993;Counihan et al 1998). The largest variation in TDG observed in this apparatus Variance decreased, however, in chronic and oxygen enrichment experiments to 5.6 mm Hg or less and was lower than reported variances in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

A Simple Apparatus for Maintaining Gas‐Supersaturated Seawater in the Laboratory for Experimental Purposes

Smiley

Drawbridge

2008

N American J Aquac

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Gas bubble disease caused by supersaturated conditions is generally well understood for commercially important freshwater species, such as salmon and trout, but very little is known about impacts to marine finfish culture. We developed a relatively simple, low‐cost apparatus to expose juvenile white seabass Atractoscion nobilis and striped bass Morone saxatilis to multiple gas saturation levels simultaneously. We found that the system was capable of operating under different temperatures and accommodating a range of juvenile fish sizes. Gas saturation treatments were maintained by mixing a supersaturated seawater source with a saturated one. The supersaturated seawater source was created by reducing pressure of an air‐ or oxygen‐equilibrated water source maintained at a pressure of 623.2 mm Hg. The saturated seawater source was achieved by degassing seawater using a packed column. By mixing these two water sources manually by use of needle valves, differential gas pressures (ΔP) ranging from 0.0 to 167.2 mm Hg were maintained. The control treatment level ranged from −35.7 to 0 mm Hg and was maintained using a vacuum degasser. Oxygen‐nitrogen (O2:N2) ratios ranged from 0.83 to 1.41. Temperature within the experiment was computer controlled. The supersaturation apparatus operated very effectively and delivered treatment levels that were stable and significantly different from one another throughout all trials.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

A Simple Apparatus for Maintaining Gas‐Supersaturated Seawater in the Laboratory for Experimental Purposes

Smiley

Drawbridge

2008

N American J Aquac

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“…Water with a saturation level of 110% tends to lose excess air when it is at surface pressure. However, at the hydrostatic pressure of 1 m deep water, the air does not tend to come out of solution (Knittel et al, 1980). The fish have a greater tolerance under the condition which allows them to reach deeper levels (due to hydrostatic pressure compensation).…”

Section: Temperature and Water Level Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knittel et al (1980) had placed juvenile steelhead at a depth of 3 m for 3 h in order to let the fish fully recover from near-lethal surface exposures to 130% TDG. Hans et al (1999) reported bubbles in gill filaments of spring chinook salmon were almost completely dissipated within 2 h after the fish were transferred to normal water.…”

Section: Tdg Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang)

Huang¹,

Li²,

et al. 2010

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation on acute lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang). The juvenile rock carp were exposed to water with different levels of supersaturation (105%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145%) and depth of 0.20 m at 25 °C for 60 h. Median lethal time (LT 50 ) was used to assess the lethal responses corresponding to different levels of gas supersaturation. The results show that half of the juvenile rock carp died at the 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, and 145% levels of supersaturation, and the LT 50 corresponding to different levels of supersaturation was 18.7, 15.4, 8.2, 6.6, 3.5, and 1.7 h. When the level of supersaturated water is below 115%, the mortality is negligible. Avoidance responses were observed 5 min after the fish were put into equilibrated water (99%, 0.08 m deep) and water with different supersaturated levels (105%, 115%, 125%, 135%, and 145%, 0.08 m deep) at 25 °C. The fish exhibited strong avoidance responses in supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was above 135%. However, they exhibited an obvious preference to supersaturated water when the gas supersaturation was below 115%. Thus, the juvenile rock carp can likely survive in water with a supersaturated level of 115%.

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“…Apart from the direct compensation afforded by hydrostatic pressure, Knittle et al (1980) indicated time at depth also imparts additional protection from GBD. They found that the survival of juvenile steelhead in water at 130% TDG was doubled when they were held at a depth of 3 m for 3 h prior to exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Bubble Disease Monitoring and Research of Juvenile Salmonids : Annual Report 1996.

Maule¹,

Beeman²,

Hans³

et al. 1997

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Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Steelhead Survival in Air-Supersaturated Water

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

A Simple Apparatus for Maintaining Gas‐Supersaturated Seawater in the Laboratory for Experimental Purposes

A Simple Apparatus for Maintaining Gas‐Supersaturated Seawater in the Laboratory for Experimental Purposes

Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang)

Gas Bubble Disease Monitoring and Research of Juvenile Salmonids : Annual Report 1996.

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