Effects of Hypnotic Analgesia and Virtual Reality on the Reduction of Experimental Pain Among High and Low Hypnotizables

Enea, Violeta; Dafinoiu, Ion; Opriş, David; David, Daniel

doi:10.1080/00207144.2014.901087

Cited by 33 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…More recently, a combination of these two techniques (VRH) was proposed to alleviate clinical symptoms, mainly anxiety and pain [54]. Until now there have been very few controlled studies comparing these techniques [47,48]. Thereby, our study can potentially make a great contribution in the understanding both of the clinical impact of these approaches and of the mechanisms underlying them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…According to Patterson et al (2006), immersion in VR can isolate the patient from the outside environment and it is effective in distracting the subject's attention from a painful stimulus [46,47]. VR has been shown to divert attention from painful stimulation in both highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable individuals in experimental and clinical settings [48,49]. VR can also be considered as an efficient non-pharmacological tool to decrease anxiety (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Patterson et al (2004;, "VRH uses a high-resolution, head-mounted display that delivers absorbing visual images and high-fidelity audio that provide an induction […] followed by suggestions for comfort and pain relief" [53,54]. Studies have demonstrated positive effects of VRH on pain and anxiety [48], but the actual mechanisms of this treatment are not well-known. Hence, it seems that even if immersion is present in VRH and hypnosis, it would not necessarily bring about the same effects as it does with VR distraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In VR, that world is imposed on the subject with existing technology. To our knowledge, two randomised studies have previously been conducted to compare hypnosis, VR and VRH in experimental setups [47,48]. However, there is a need to compare the efficiency of these techniques in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Can hypnosis and virtual reality reduce anxiety, pain and fatigue among patients who undergo cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial

Rousseaux

Faymonville

Nyssen

et al. 2020

Trials

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Background: Different non-pharmacological techniques, including hypnosis and virtual reality (VR) are currently used as complementary tools in the treatment of anxiety, acute and chronic pain. A new technique called virtual reality hypnosis (VRH), which encompasses a combination of both tools, is regularly used although its benefits and underlying mechanisms remain unknown to date. With the goal to improve our understanding of VRH combination effects, it is necessary to conduct randomised and controlled research trials in order to understand their clinical interest and potential benefits.Methods: Patients (n = 100) undergoing cardiac surgery at the Liège University Hospital will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions (control, hypnosis, VR or VRH). Each patient will receive two sessions of one of the techniques: one the day before the surgery and one the day after. Physiological assessments will be made on the monitor and patients will rate their levels of anxiety, fatigue, pain, absorption and dissociation. Discussion: This study will help to expand knowledge on the application of virtual reality, hypnosis and VRH in the specific context of cardiac and intensive care procedures, and the influence of these non-pharmacological techniques on patient's anxiety, fatigue, pain and phenomenological experience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Can hypnosis and virtual reality reduce anxiety, pain and fatigue among patients who undergo cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial

Rousseaux

Faymonville

Nyssen

et al. 2020

Trials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, both modalities require an ability to focus attention and harness concentration (Lifshitz & Raz, 2012; Holroyd, 2003). Based on this past research, it is plausible that a typical phenomenological and neurophysiological response to a mindfulness-based intervention (i.e., reflecting the “observing” or “non-reacting” facets of mindfulness) may be the same or similar to the “trance-like” response to hypnosis (Barabasz & Perez, 2007; Benham, Woody, Wilson, & Nash, 2006; Enea, Dafinoiu, Opriş, & David, 2014). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association Between Mindfulness and Hypnotizability: Clinical and Theoretical Implications

Grover

Jensen

Patterson

et al. 2018

American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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Mindfulness-based interventions and hypnosis are efficacious treatments for addressing a large number of psychological and physical conditions, including chronic pain. However, there continues to be debate surrounding the relative uniqueness of the theorized mechanisms of these treatments – reflected by measures of mindfulness facets and hypnotizability – with some concern that there may be so much overlap as to make the mechanism constructs (and therefore the respective interventions) redundant. Given these considerations, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the degree of unique versus shared variance between two common measures of mindfulness facets and hypnotizability: the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale (SHCS). A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of N=154 Veterans with heterogeneous chronic pain conditions. Bivariate Pearson correlations were used to examine the associations between the target scales. Results showed that the correlations between the FFMQ scales and SHCS total score were uniformly weak, although significant negative correlations were found between mindfulness facets of observe and non-react with hypnotizability (ps < .05). Thus, not only are the mindfulness and hypnotizability constructs unique, but when significantly associated, hypnotic suggestibility corresponds with a tendency to be less mindful. These findings have important implications for future research aimed towards matching patients to the treatment most likely to be of benefit, and suggest that matching patients on the basis of these theoretically derived “unique” moderators may hold potential.

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Virtual reality hypnosis in the management of pain: Self‐reported and neurophysiological measures in healthy subjects

Rousseaux

Panda

Toussaint³

et al. 2022

European Journal of Pain

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Background Virtual reality hypnosis (VRH) has emerged as a new and promising option for pain management. Nonetheless, neural dynamics of pain modulation during VRH have not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of VRH on pain, combining neurophysiological and self‐reported measurements. Methods Eighteen healthy subjects underwent noxious electrical stimulations in both normal wakefulness and VRH conditions. Dissociation, absorption, time perception, anxiety, pain intensity and unpleasantness, heart rate variability and breathing were reported for each condition. EEG signals were analysed using event‐related potentials (ERP) and time–frequency response (TFR) time‐locked to stimuli. Neurophysiological features were correlated with self‐reported data. Results VRH condition was associated with lower pain and higher dissociation. VRH significantly decreased amplitudes of N100 and P200 ERP components, reduced EEG power between 1 and 5 Hz from 100 to 560 ms, and increased EEG power from 5 to 11 Hz from 340 to 800 ms. These findings were observed at frontal, central and posterior electrodes. Heart rate variability was significantly higher and breathing frequency reduced with VRH. Correlations were found between the self‐reported level of pain and ERP components. Conclusion VRH modulates cerebral pain processes and body physiology, leading to reduced pain levels. These findings offer a first insight on the analgesic mechanisms of VRH and suggest that VRH is an effective approach to reduce experimental pain. Significance VRH decreases experimental pain perception, increases subject level of dissociation and modulates cerebral pain processing mechanisms. Pain can be managed with analgesic medication but also through complementary interventions. Among these, hypnosis and virtual reality (VR) are known to reduce pain for patients and healthy individuals. In recent years, an innovative technique combining hypnosis and VR has been proposed to help patients in managing pain. However, to our knowledge, no study has focused on the underlying mechanisms of this VR/hypnosis combination. We showed that VR combined with hypnosis decreases experimental pain, increases dissociation and influences EEG modulation.

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Effects of Hypnotic Analgesia and Virtual Reality on the Reduction of Experimental Pain Among High and Low Hypnotizables

Cited by 33 publications

References 40 publications

Can hypnosis and virtual reality reduce anxiety, pain and fatigue among patients who undergo cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial

Can hypnosis and virtual reality reduce anxiety, pain and fatigue among patients who undergo cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial

The Association Between Mindfulness and Hypnotizability: Clinical and Theoretical Implications

Virtual reality hypnosis in the management of pain: Self‐reported and neurophysiological measures in healthy subjects

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