Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality on the Heart Rate of Athlete’s Warm-Up

Varela-Aldás, José; Palacios-Navarro, Guillermo; García‐Magariño, Iván; Fuentes, Esteban M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25965-5_14

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A previous study found that low HRV is associated with impaired regulatory and homeostatic autonomic functions, which reduce the body’s ability to cope with internal and external stressors ( Kim et al, 2018 ). These results are in line with the work by Varela-Aldás et al (2019) who evaluated effects of immersive virtual reality on heart rate in a small study ( n =4) of athletes exercising at a constant speed on a treadmill. When a calming environment was provided, heart rate was lower; when displaying an exciting and threatening environment, heart rate reached higher values ( Varela-Aldás et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…These results are in line with the work by Varela-Aldás et al (2019) who evaluated effects of immersive virtual reality on heart rate in a small study (n = 4) of athletes exercising at a constant speed on a treadmill. When a calming environment was provided, heart rate was lower; when displaying an exciting and threatening environment, heart rate reached higher values (Varela-Aldás et al, 2019). Jacobson (1993) described four types of virtual reality: immersive virtual reality, desktop virtual reality (i.e., low-cost home-made virtual reality game console) also called a non-immersive, augmented virtual reality (where computer-generated data merge into a real-world image), and simulation (mixed) virtual reality (a combination of real people and physical environments with virtual people and places, either controlled by humans or by artificial intelligence; Jacobson, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, before such technology might be prescribed to patients, it is important to determine whether the physiologic response would be similar to the traditional methodology. The analysis of the literature on the use of active virtual reality during exercise has shown a small number of papers describing the use of this type of apparatus ( Huang et al, 2015 ; Gomez et al, 2018 ; Varela-Aldás et al, 2019 ; Mcclure and Schofield, 2020 ). Moreover, all previous research featured only the assessment of HR during workout sessions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial

et al. 2021

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Objectives: This cross-sectional, randomly assigned study aimed to assess the influence of immersive virtual reality (VR) on exercise tolerance expressed as the duration of a submaximal exercise test (ET) on a cycle ergometer.Methods: The study enrolled 70 healthy volunteers aged 22–25years. Each participant performed an ET with and without VR. Time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were analyzed for the first 3min (T1), the last 3min (T2), and the time at which the shorter of the two tests terminated (Tiso). In the time domain, a SD of R–R intervals (SDNN) and a root mean square of successive R–R interval differences (RMSSD) in milliseconds were computed. The following spectral components were considered: low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), total power (TP), and LF/HF ratio. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04197024).Results: Compared to standard ET, tests in immersive VR lasted significantly longer (694 vs. 591s, p<0.00001) and were associated with lower HR response across the range of corresponding exercise levels, averaging 5–8 beats/min. In the multiple regression analysis, the ET duration was positively determined by male sex, immersion in VR, and negatively determined by HRT1 and RMSSDT1.Conclusion: Exercising in VR is associated with lower HR which allowed subjects to exercise for a longer time before reaching target heart rate (HR). In addition, the increase in exercise duration was found to be related to an adjustment in autonomic nervous activity at a given work rate favoring parasympathetic predominance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial

et al. 2021

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“…We derive from the differences found at T1 that were absent in T2 that the experience in VR was stronger and more engaging than in the condition in which individuals had to recall the immersive image without HMD support. Our data supporting previous studies' outcomes highlighted the impact of VR relaxing scenarios in maintaining lower levels of heart rate frequency than normal [67], but additional research is needed to deeply investigate whether and how naturalistic and relaxing VR scenarios induce relaxation and stress reduction by providing feedback on changes, for example, in heart rate frequency and variability, respiration rate, or skin conductance.…”

Section: Principal Findingssupporting

confidence: 88%

Personalized Virtual Reality Compared With Guided Imagery for Enhancing the Impact of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Pardini,

Gabrielli,

Olivetto

et al. 2024

JMIR Ment Health

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Background Empirical evidence has shown that virtual reality (VR) scenarios can increase the effects of relaxation techniques, reducing anxiety by enabling people to experience emotional conditions in more vivid settings. Objective This pilot randomized controlled study aims to investigate whether the progressive muscle relaxation technique (PMRT) associated with a personalized scenario in VR promotes psychological well-being and facilitates the recall of relaxing images more than the standard complementary intervention that involves the integration of PMRT and guided imagery (GI). Methods On the basis of a longitudinal, between-subject design, 72 university students were randomly exposed to one of two experimental conditions: (1) standard complementary procedure (PMRT and GI exposure) and (2) experimental procedure (PMRT and personalized VR exposure). Individuals were assessed by a therapist before and after 7 training sessions based on measures investigating anxiety, depression, quality of life, coping strategies, sense of presence, engagement, and side effects related to VR exposure. Heart rate data were also collected. Results Differences in changes between the 2 groups after the in vivo PMRT session conducted by the psychotherapist (T1) were statistically significant for state anxiety (F1,67=30.56; P<.001) and heart rate (F1,67=4.87; P=.01). Individuals in the VR group obtained lower scores both before (t67=−2.63; P=.01; Cohen d=0.91) and after (t67=−7.23; P<.001; Cohen d=2.45) the relaxation session when it was self-administered by participants (T2). A significant reduction in perceived state anxiety at T1 and T2 was observed for both groups (P<.001). After the VR experience, individuals reported feeling higher engagement in the experience than what was mentioned by participants in the GI group (F1,67=2.85; P=.03; ηp2=0.15), and they experienced the environment as more realistic (F1,67=4.38; P=.003; ηp2=0.21). No differences between groups regarding sense of presence were found (F1,67=1.99; P=.11; ηp2=0.11). Individuals exposed before to the VR scenario (T1) referred to perceiving the scenario recalled in-imagination at T2 as more realistic than what those in the GI group experienced (F1,67=3.21; P=.02; ηp2=0.12). The VR group had lower trait anxiety levels than the GI group after the relaxation session during session 7 (T2; t67=−2.43; P=.02). Conclusions Personalized relaxing VR scenarios can contribute to improving relaxation and decreasing anxiety when integrated with PMRT as a complementary relaxation method. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05478941; https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05478941 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/44183

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A systematic review of wearable biosensor usage in immersive virtual reality experiences

Guillen-Sanz,

Checa,

Miguel-Alonso

et al. 2024

Virtual Reality

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Wearable biosensors are increasingly incorporated in immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) applications. A trend that is attributed to the availability of better quality, less costly, and easier-to-use devices. However, consensus is yet to emerge over the most optimal combinations. In this review, the aim is to clarify the best examples of biosensor usage in combination with iVR applications. The high number of papers in the review (560) were classified into the following seven fields of application: psychology, medicine, sports, education, ergonomics, military, and tourism and marketing. The use of each type of wearable biosensor and Head-Mounted Display was analyzed for each field of application. Then, the development of the iVR application is analyzed according to its goals, user interaction levels, and the possibility of adapting the iVR environment to biosensor feedback. Finally, the evaluation of the iVR experience was studied, considering such issues as sample size, the presence of a control group, and post-assessment routines. A working method through which the most common solutions, the best practices, and the most promising trends in biofeedback-based iVR applications were identified for each field of application. Besides, guidelines oriented towards good practice are proposed for the development of future iVR with biofeedback applications. The results of this review suggest that the use of biosensors within iVR environments need to be standardized in some fields of application, especially when considering the adaptation of the iVR experience to real-time biosignals to improve user performance.

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Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality on the Heart Rate of Athlete’s Warm-Up

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial

Immersive Virtual Reality Influences Physiologic Responses to Submaximal Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover Trial

Personalized Virtual Reality Compared With Guided Imagery for Enhancing the Impact of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

A systematic review of wearable biosensor usage in immersive virtual reality experiences

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