Effects of Ingesting Supplements Designed to Promote Lean Tissue Accretion on Body Composition during Resistance Training

Kreider, Richard B.; Klesges, Robert C.; Harmon, Karen M.; Grindstaff, Pamela; Ramsey, Leigh T.; Bullen, Daryll; Wood, Larry; Li, Yuhua; Almada, Anthony L.

doi:10.1123/ijsn.6.3.234

Cited by 50 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The creatine-group increased the absolute value of TBW and ICW, but not the relative value, which indicates that the body mass gain following a medium-term creatine supplementation is not due to intra-cellular water retention but probably to dry matter growth accompanied with a normal volume of intracellular water. These observations on intra-cellular water are in good agreement and extend previous observations, showing a gain in total body mass after creatine supplementation without any change in the percentage of total body water (Kreider et al 1996). Dierent hypotheses can be formulated to explain the link between creatine supplementation and gain in dry matter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass

Francaux

Poortmans

1999

Eur J Appl Physiol

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The purpose of this study was to test the effect of creatine supplement on the size of the extra- and intracellular compartments and on the increase of isokinetic force during a strength training-program. Twenty-five healthy male subjects (age 22.0+/-2.9 years) participated in this experiment. Seven subjects formed the control-group. They did not complete any training and did not have any dietary supplement. The eighteen other subjects were randomly divided into a creatine- (n = 8) and a placebo-group (n = 10). They were submitted to a controlled strength-training program for 42 days followed by a detraining period of 21 days. Creatine and placebo were given over a period of 9 weeks. The size of the body water compartments was assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy and the isokinetic force was determined during a single squat by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. These measurements were completed beforehand, at the end of the training period, and after the determining period. Both placebo- and creatine-group increased the isokinetic force by about 6% after the training period, showing that creatine ingestion does not induce a higher increase of the force measured during a single movement. No change in body mass was observed in the control- and placebo-groups during the entire experiment period while the body mass of the creatine-group was increased by 2 kg (P < 0.001). This change can be attributed partially to an increase (P = 0.039) in the body water content (+1.11), and more specifically, to an increase (P < 0.001) in the volume of the inter-cellular compartment (+0.61). Nevertheless, the relative volumes of the body water compartments remained constant and therefore the gain in body mass cannot be attributed to water retention, but probably to dry matter growth accompanied with a normal water volume.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass

Francaux

Poortmans

1999

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…For example, several initial studies on creatine supplementation provided 15–25 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 4 – 12 weeks in athletes engaged in heavy training with no reported side effects [67, 77, 108–110]. Kreider and colleagues [109] reported that American collegiate football players ingesting 20 or 25 g/day of creatine monohydrate with a carbohydrate/protein supplement for 12 weeks during off season conditioning and spring football practice experienced greater gains in strength and muscle mass with no evidence of any adverse side effects.…”

Section: Other Applications In Sport and Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine

Kreider

Kalman²,

António

et al. 2017

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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513

602

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Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).

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“…For example, studies have indicated that ingesting creatine with vitamin and mineral-fortified carbohydrate and protein supplements promote greater gains in strength and fat-free mass than carbohydrate or carbohydrate and protein supplements alone (Kreider et al 1996, 1999; Cribb et al 2007a; Kreider et al 1998). Additionally, co-ingesting creatine with different types of protein may have differential effects on gains in fat-free mass and/or training adaptations (Kerksick et al 2007; Cribb et al 2007b).…”

Section: Ergogenic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine

et al. 2011

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Creatine has become one of the most popular dietary supplements in the sports nutrition market. The form of creatine that has been most extensively studied and commonly used in dietary supplements is creatine monohydrate (CM). Studies have consistently indicated that CM supplementation increases muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations by approximately 15-40%, enhances anaerobic exercise capacity, and increases training volume leading to greater gains in strength, power, and muscle mass. A number of potential therapeutic benefits have also been suggested in various clinical populations. Studies have indicated that CM is not degraded during normal digestion and that nearly 99% of orally ingested CM is either taken up by muscle or excreted in urine. Further, no medically significant side effects have been reported in literature. Nevertheless, supplement manufacturers have continually introduced newer forms of creatine into the marketplace. These newer forms have been purported to have better physical and chemical properties, bioavailability, efficacy, and/or safety profiles than CM. However, there is little to no evidence that any of the newer forms of creatine are more effective and/or safer than CM whether ingested alone and/or in combination with other nutrients. In addition, whereas the safety, efficacy, and regulatory status of CM is clearly defined in almost all global markets; the safety, efficacy, and regulatory status of other forms of creatine present in today's marketplace as a dietary or food supplement is less clear.

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Effects of Ingesting Supplements Designed to Promote Lean Tissue Accretion on Body Composition during Resistance Training

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass

Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine

Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine

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