Effects of Insect Defoliation on Growth and Mortality of Trees

Kulman, H. M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001445

Cited by 329 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Many published works have described the effect of natural or artificial defoliation on the growth of trees. The needle loss there has always been described as the loss from any particular needle set (Kulman, 1971;Ericsson et al, 1980;Armour et al, 2003) or as the loss from the total green foliage (Alfaro et al, 1982;Williams et al, 2003). When the rate of defoliation is inaccurately defined, it is clear that the relationship between the needle loss and growth rate can be based only on correlations and cannot prove cause and effect (Armour et al, 2003) or open sink and source (Honkanen et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage

Kurkela

Drenkhan

Vuorinen³

et al. 2009

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused

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Abstract. The amount of productive foliage was assessed with the help of the relative significance of each annual needle set in their contribution to the growth of young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris). The number of needles in the subsequent needle sets was studied retrospectively in twelve-year-old stand, and the worst needle loss years were detected. The growth rate of trees was compared with the number of needles in the annual needle sets and with the loss of needles from the assessed productive foliage. Needles in the 4 th and older needle sets remaining in the trees were interpreted as useless or less important if their amount did not correlate with the growth. The second and third needle sets supported both radial and height growth. Most variation in the needle loss during 1999-2002, caused mainly by summer drought and by fungal needle cast due to Lophodermium seditiosum, occurred in the third annual needle set. Decrease in both radial and height increments in relation to the needle loss were apparent in the total material for 1997-2004, but needle loss reduced the annual growth significantly only in two-three years inside that period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage

Kurkela

Drenkhan

Vuorinen³

et al. 2009

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused

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“…The accumulation of minor damage can negatively affect trees by diverting resources to repairing damage (Kulman 1971, Brooks & Bell 2002 or by causing mortality (Kulman 1971, Ozaki et al 1999). Many of these trees also exhibited changes in root and canopy architecture related to isopod damage, including fewer supportive aerial roots and smaller and fewer pneumatophores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage and alteration of mangroves inhabited by a marine wood-borer

Davidson¹,

Rivera²,

Hsieh³

2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Animals can exert a strong influence on the structure and function of foundation species such as mangroves. Because mangroves live at the interface of land and sea, both terrestrial and marine species affect them, including numerous herbivores and boring species. These organisms can affect the fecundity, performance, and morphology of mangroves. In a mangrove stand in southwestern Taiwan, we discovered that mangroves were extensively damaged by woodboring isopods Sphaeroma terebrans. We examined the relationships between burrowing damage from S. terebrans and metrics of mangrove fecundity, performance, and morphology. Individuals of Rhizophora stylosa that were more burrowed by isopods had significantly fewer propagules, fewer ground roots stabilizing the tree, smaller leaves, and more non-foliated twigs. Similarly, Avicennia marina with more burrows had fewer pneumatophores and lenticels (used for gaseous exchange), and pneumatophores with more necrotic tissue. The most heavily damaged trees were hollowed-out with burrows (A. marina) or fell over when their supportive root system failed (R. stylosa). These correlations suggest that marine wood-borers can negatively influence mangroves and alter tree morphology, although other stressors may also be involved. While studies have examined the effects of isopods on root-level production, we provide the first quantitative evidence that localized burrowing damage is correlated with tree-level effects. These results are consistent with other literature demonstrating the importance of sub-lethal damage by borers in shaping foundation species. Such damage may have cascading effects on the diverse assemblages of marine and terrestrial biota that use mangroves as habitat.KEY WORDS: Habitat alteration · Mangrove · Plant−animal interactions · Sphaeroma terebrans · Sub-lethal stress Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 516: [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185] 2014 mangrove roots, which can have mech anical and physiological consequences. The aerial roots of red mangroves buttress and anchor the tree; the destruction of aerial roots by isopods has been suggested to increase the susceptibility of mangroves to damage from storms (Rehm & Humm 1973, Santhakumari 1991. While burrowing by sphaeromatid isopods can initiate root branching (Simberloff et al. 1978, Perry & Brusca 1989, these sub-lethal burrowing effects cause a net reduction in root growth and productivity (Perry & Brusca 1989, Brooks & Bell 2002) and divert resources from production to repair (Brooks & Bell 2002). Roots are also important for gaseous exchange and nutrient absorption, and they are photosynthetic (Gill & Tomlinson 1977, Tomlinson 1986, Kitaya et al. 2002. Because borer damage diverts resources from the generation of propagules, leaves, and other structures to repair, we hypothesize that high levels of isopod boring may affect unbored parts of the tree. However, most relevant studies are anecdotal or focus on isopod interact...

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“…Come è noto, la perdita di gran parte o di tutta la superficie fogliare assimilante determina in un albero una riduzione di incremento legnoso del tronco oltre che, parallelamente, una complessa serie di modificazioni fisiologiche che possono portare ad accresciuta sensibilità verso altri stress di natura biotica e abiotica (Kulman 1971, Pollard 1972. Ne consegue che la pioppicoltura specializzata italiana, attività agricola finalizzata alla produzione di legno di elevata qualità per l'industria, soffre un danno economico dalla riduzione quantitativa del prodotto legnoso causata da defogliazioni di varia natura, anche se è noto che i danni economicamente più importanti patiti dalla pioppicoltura sono legati allo scadimento qualitativo del legno causato da attacchi di parassiti lignicoli e corticali (Arru 1968).…”

Section: Introduzioneunclassified

Short and mid-term effects of artificial defoliation on the growth of euramerican poplar (Populus × canadensis clone I-214) in poplar stands in relation to the intensity and seasonal timing of defoliation.

Allegro¹

2017

Forest@

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IntroduzioneCome è noto, la perdita di gran parte o di tutta la superficie fogliare assimilante determina in un albero una riduzione di incremento legnoso del tronco oltre che, parallelamente, una complessa serie di modificazioni fisiologiche che possono portare ad accresciuta sensibilità verso altri stress di natura biotica e abiotica (Kulman 1971, Pollard 1972. Ne consegue che la pioppicoltura specializzata italiana, attività agricola finalizzata alla produzione di legno di elevata qualità per l'industria, soffre un danno economico dalla riduzione quantitativa del prodotto legnoso causata da defogliazioni di varia natura, anche se è noto che i danni economicamente più importanti patiti dalla pioppicoltura sono legati allo scadimento qualitativo del legno causato da attacchi di parassiti lignicoli e corticali (Arru 1968).Le defogliazioni parassitarie, in particolare quelle ad eziologia fungina, hanno condizionato l'evoluzione e la composizione clonale della pioppicoltura italiana sin dalle sue origini (Cellerino 2005). L'introduzione nel nostro Paese di Venturia populina (Vuill.) Fabr., agente della defogliazione primaverile, avvenuta nella prima metà del XX Secolo, determinò il primo radicale rinnovamento clonale, con la progressiva sostituzione dei cloni "canadesi", molto sensibili alla malattia, da parte di cloni ibridi Populus × canadensis Moench (derivanti da incroci spontanei o con- cultivation year) were subjected to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% defoliation either in the early or in the late growing season (or in both periods), and their growth was measured in the same year and during the following 2-3 years. Only trees treated to 75% and 100% defoliation exhibited a significant growth decrease compared to control trees: the diametric growth of early defoliated trees was reduced up to 20-40% in the year of defoliation, whereas trees defoliated at the same rates late in the season, or defoliated twice in a single year, suffered the heaviest damage, showing a growth loss up to 50% in the year following the defoliation events. In the latter cases, a delayed sprouting at spring and the death of branchlets were observed. A financial analysis showed that the economic damage caused by the highest defoliation rates, mainly when occurring late in the season, definitely exceeds the cost of treatments, thus suggesting the adoption of appropriate control strategies.Keywords: Poplar, Wood Plantation, Hybrid Clone, Artificial Defoliation, Plant Growth, Damage Treshold : Feb 27, 2017; Accepted: Jun 06, 2017; Published online: Aug 01, 2017 Citation: Allegro G, 2017. Effetti a breve e medio termine di defogliazioni artificiali sull'accrescimento del pioppo euramericano (Populus × canadensis clone I-214) in piantagione in relazione all'intensità e all'epoca di defogliazione. Received

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Effects of Insect Defoliation on Growth and Mortality of Trees

Cited by 329 publications

References 33 publications

Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage

Growth response of young Scots pines to needle loss assessed from productive foliage

Damage and alteration of mangroves inhabited by a marine wood-borer

Short and mid-term effects of artificial defoliation on the growth of euramerican poplar (Populus × canadensis clone I-214) in poplar stands in relation to the intensity and seasonal timing of defoliation.

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