“…Employing timeresolved fluorescence/phosphorescence and transient absorption spectra can obtain a more sophisticated observation of the excitonic behavior. Moreover, the real-time and in situ characterization technologies, such as transient absorption (TA) spectra, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), 136 and polarization-resolved confocal PL mapping, 137 can trace the excitons' behavior online under real reaction conditions. We believe this insight into the excitonic effects is of great significance to skillfully design and optimize the surface and bulk structure of 2D materials for other photocatalytic applications, including N 2 fixation, water splitting, oxidative coupling of methane, atmospheric pollutant removal, disinfection, biomass conversion, plastic waste recycling, and phototherapy.…”