Effects of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) on Pain Behavior and Gene Expression Following Excitotoxic Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury

“…QUIS injection results in an increase mRNA encoding IL-1b, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and iNOS. 28 QIUS injury in combination with systemic injection of IL-10 has been shown to significantly downregulate expressiom of IL-1b and iNOS mRNA. 28 In mice lacking TNF-a receptors, reduced microglia activation was found following traumatic brain injury, 96 suggesting that TNF-a plays an important role in microglia activation.…”

“…26 Intraspinal injection of quisqualic acid (QUIS) produces excitotoxic injury with pathophysiological characteristics similar to those associated with traumatic SCI. 27,28 To take advantage of various transgenic and knockout mice, murine SCI models using dorsal hemisection 29 or extradural calibrated clip compression have recently been used with a modified murine BBB hind limb locomotor rating scale. 30,31 The histopathology correlates positively with the biomechanical impact.…”

“…IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that supresses the majority of microglial/ macrophage responses. 4,28,93 This cytokine blocks the activation of NF-kB and attenuates the synthesis of various cytokines, chemokines, and matrixproteases. With respect to the CNS, IL-10 reduces the TNF-a production by astrocytes as well as the antigen presentation by both astrocytes and microglia.…”

Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines for Spinal Cord Injury Repair Through Local Delivery of Therapeutic Agents

“…IL‐10 has been demonstrated to promote functional recovery in SCI models in rats66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 and mice 58, 64, 65, 70, 71. IL‐10 affects inflammation through regulation of activation of microglia/macrophages70, 71 and astrocytes,72 as well as reducing the production of TNF‐α,72, 73 IL‐1β, S100β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 65.…”

“…IL‐10 also increases expression of Bcl‐2 and B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large (Bcl‐xl),66 thus promoting neuronal survival,68, 69 and decreasing cavitation67 and tissue loss 64, 65. Further, IL‐10 limits the onset and severity of injury‐induced pain behaviors 64, 68, 72, 74…”