Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia in Training Regimes and in Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Aging Biomarkers and Age-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Several studies have assessed the effects of intermittent hypoxia-normoxia training (IHNT), intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia training (IHHT), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on aging and age-related diseases in humans; however, the results remain contradictory. Therefore, this review aims to systematically summarize the available studies on the effects of IHNT, IHHT, and OSA on aging and age-related diseases. Relevant studies were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library databases, and through manual searching from reference lists of eligible studies. A total of 38 eligible studies were included in this systematic review. IHHT and IHNT provide positive effects on several age-related parameters including quality of life, cognitive and physical functions, plasma level of glucose and cholesterol/LDL, systolic blood pressure, red blood cells, and inflammation. Moreover, moderate intermittent hypoxia induces telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity and telomere stabilization, delays induction of senescence-associated markers expression and senescence-associated β-galactosidase, upregulates pluripotent marker (Oct4), activates a metabolic shift, and raises resistance to pro-apoptotic stimuli. On the contrary, intermittent hypoxia in OSA causes hypertension, metabolic syndrome, vascular function impairment, quality of life and cognitive scores reduction, advanced brain aging, increase in insulin resistance, plasma hydrogen peroxide, GSH, IL-6, hsCRP, leptin, and leukocyte telomere shortening. Thus, it can be speculated that the main factor that determines the direction of the intermittent hypoxia action is the intensity and duration of exposure. There is no direct study to prove that IHNT/IHHT actually increases life expectancy in humans. Therefore, further study is needed to investigate the actual effect of IHNT/IHHT on aging in humans.Systematic Review Registrationwww.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD42022298499.

Resistance Training Improves Sleep and Anti-Inflammatory Parameters in Sarcopenic Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…It should also be noted that there is strong evidence showing that the aging process and sleep debt are directly associated with increased inflammation [ 12 , 13 ]. An increase in inflammatory markers is typically observed in sleep disorders [ 14 , 15 ] and in conditions with reduced muscle function such as sarcopenia [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Advances in Molecular Pathology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

“…When ER stress intense, the UPR promotes cell death especially through activation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which was viewed as a major factors in triggering other damage related pathways [ 104 ]. Meanwhile, some genes related to apoptosis were upregulated in OSA patients since there was a positive correlation between the severity of sleep apnea and apoptotic cells [ 106 ]. Consistent evidences have also shown that chronic intermittent hypoxemia (CIH) have an effect on metabolic dysfunction such as lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction by regulatory enzymes of some metabolic and inflammatory parameters [ 98 , 106 ].…”

“…Meanwhile, some genes related to apoptosis were upregulated in OSA patients since there was a positive correlation between the severity of sleep apnea and apoptotic cells [ 106 ]. Consistent evidences have also shown that chronic intermittent hypoxemia (CIH) have an effect on metabolic dysfunction such as lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction by regulatory enzymes of some metabolic and inflammatory parameters [ 98 , 106 ]. Studies have shown that plasma Alzheimer’s biomarkers are higher in patients with OSA than in the control group, and the mechanism of action may be related to sleep disturbances and nighttime hypoxia [ 107 ].…”

Sauerstoff – immer notwendig, gezielt sparen kann helfen

“…Die zahlreichen Zielparameter dieser Studie wurden ohne jeden Querverweis getrennt in zwei Publikationen [16] [17] veröffentlicht, zusätzlich eine Mischung aus beiden auch auf Russisch [18]. Eine Priorisierung der Zielparameter ist nicht angegeben, insofern sind die zahlreichen Ergebnisse streng deskriptiv zu be-Langsame Atmung, wie sie in der Yoga-Pra- In der Gesamtbewertung dieser gegenteiligen Effekte könne vermutet werden, dass der Hauptfaktor, der die Richtung der intermittierenden Hypoxie bestimmt, ihre Intensität und Dauer ist [22].…”

“…Symptome des Alterungsprozesses (Aging) sich im Vergleich von 20 IHT-/IHHT-Studien mit 18 zum Schlafapnoe-Syndrom ergeben. Letztere kann auch als eine spontan auftretende Form von intermittierender Hypoxie betrachtet werden 22 . IIHHT habe positive Auswirkungen auf mehrere altersbezogene Parameter wie Lebensqualität, kognitive und körperliche Funktionen, Nüchtern-Blutzucker, Gesamtcholesterin, LDL, systolischen Blutdruck, rote Blutkörperchen und Entzündungsparameter.…”