Effects of Interspecific Interactions on Aquatic Macrophyte Litter Decomposition and Its Influencing Factors

Abstract

Aquatic macrophyte litter decomposition (AMD) is essential for material cycling and energy flow in freshwater ecosystems. This decomposition process encompasses several stages, each demanding the involvement of specific organisms. As interspecific interactions evolve, so does the process of decomposition. However, a comprehensive review specifically highlighting the central roles and intricate dynamics of these interspecific interactions in the decomposition process is notably lacking. Therefore, we herein introduce the stages of AMD and, in conjunction with interspecific relationships, delve into the impact of biotic and abiotic factors and litter quality on AMD. After reviewing the literature, it becomes evident that almost every stage of litter decomposition requires the participation of decomposer organisms. Moreover, the decomposition capabilities vary significantly among different decomposer organisms, with each exhibiting unique sensitivities to environmental shifts. Therefore, understanding these interspecific relationships is pivotal for interpreting the current global shifts in AMD. However, due to monitoring and statistical constraints, previous discussions of AMD have largely focused on a few decomposer organisms with limited exploration of wider decomposer communities. This review emphasizes the need to strengthen research on interspecific relationships within the decomposer community, thereby supporting future investigations into the mechanisms that drive elemental cycling in freshwater ecosystems.