Effects of intraarticular ropivacaine and morphine on lipopolysaccharide‐induced synovitis in horses

Duration and Efficacy of Different Local Anesthetics on the Palmar Digital Nerve Block in Horses

“…The duration of analgesia observed in this study was longer than Harkins et al [7] results with a lower dose. However, comparing to Santos et al [17] results, who used the higher dose but via intraarticular, the duration of analgesia was longer than observed in this study with a PD block.…”

“…Harkins et al [7] obtained analgesia 7.5 minutes after injection of 1 and 4 mg of ropivacaine in the abaxial side block with the effect remained for 30 and 150 minutes, respectively. Santos et al [17] found that 40 mg of intraarticular ropivacaine produced analgesia with onset of action within 30 minutes in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis in the radiocarpal joint, and the clinical analgesia lasted between 150 and 210 minutes in the inflamed tissue. The duration of analgesia observed in this study was longer than Harkins et al [7] results with a lower dose.…”

“…The concentration of ropivacaine was less than that used by Santos et al [17] and greater than that used by Harkins et al [7]. The dose and concentration of the drugs can influence the timing of beginning and ending of the anesthetic action, explaining the differences in time of action found by different authors [7][8][9][10]17].…”

Osteoarthritis in horses - Part 2: a review of the intra-articular use of corticosteroids as a method of treatment

“…Nevertheless, several medications are used intra-articularly, such as COs, hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium hyaluronate (SH)/hyaluronate (HA), polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, sodium pentosan polysulfate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, somatostatin, N-acetyl- D-glucosamine, radiation synovectomy, dextrose prolotherapy, keratan sulfate orgotein, saline for washout, silicone, mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester, chloroquine, lactic acid solution, amikacin, gentamicin morphine, autologous serum, platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow or adipose stromal vascular fraction, gene therapy using IL-1 antagonists, and ethanol. In addition, studies have used a topical liposomal formulation that contains diclofenac, lyophilized products from green-lipped mussel, extracorporeal shockwave, acupuncture, magnetic field, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound, laser therapy, manual therapy, aquatic physical therapy and nutraceuticals food suplement (Uthman et al 2003;Caron 2005;Revenaugh 2005;Carmona et al 2007;Frisbie et al 2009;Goodrich and Nixon 2006;Santos et al 2009;Lindegaard et al 2010;Cayzer et al 2011;Kawcak et al 2011;Baccarin et al, 2012;McIIwraith et al 2011McIIwraith et al , 2012aCarmalt et al 2012;Lamas et al 2012;Vanderweerd et al 2012;Frisbie et al 2013;King et al 2013;Neuman et al 2013;Ferris et al 2014;Koenig et al 2014, de Grawn et al 2016. The use of controlled physical activity, as a complementary treatment, possibly improves the comfort level of the horse and decreases the inflammatory process (Kerbyson et al 2013).…”

Modulation of Peripheral Sensory Neurons by the Immune System: Implications for Pain Therapy

“…Veterinary trials of intra-articular morphine have demonstrated significant analgesic effects in dogs (Day et al, 1995;Sammarco et al, 1996) and horses (Santos et al, 2009). Further studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects Lindegaard et al, 2010b) and a lack of local tissue toxicity (Todhunter et al, 1996;Tulamo et al, 1996;Jaureguito et al, 2002).…”