Effects of intratesticular vs intraepididymal calcium chloride sterilant on testicular morphology and fertility in dogs

Leoci, Raffaella; Aiudi, Giulio Guido; Cicirelli, Vincenzo; Brent, Linda; Iaria, Carmelo; Lacalandra, Giovanni Michele

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.006

Cited by 21 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A single intratesticular injection that could cause the interruption of spermatogenesis would be particularly interesting for its simplicity and speed, as it could be applied to many animals in a single day without the need for specific equipment or environment. In general, zinc gluconate and calcium chloride, the most used substances for chemical castration by intratesticular injection, cause atrophy in the seminiferous tubules, disruption in spermatogenesis, fibrosis and calcification of testicular parenchyma and reduction of testicular volume, together with reduced sperm motility and low sperm count or azoospermia, leading to subfertility or infertility in male animals (Fagundes et al 2014;Vannucchi et al 2015;Silva et al 2018;Leoci et al 2019;Rafatmah, Mogheiseh, and Eshghi 2019). However, many studies report side effects in the treated animals, such as swelling, inflammation, pain, hemorrhage, necrosis and scrotal ulcerations (Levy et al 2008;Oliveira et al 2013;Forz an et al 2014;Rafatmah, Mogheiseh, and Eshghi 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1960 researchers are looking for simple methods to neuter male animals, requiring for example a single injection of a neutering drug. Many attempts to find effective drugs to produce the so called chemical castration have been carried out using calcium chloride (Jana and Samanta 2006, 2007, 2011Leoci et al 2019), cadmium chloride (Kar 1961), ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate (Kar et al 1965), glycerol (Wiebe et al 1989), lactic acid (Fordyce et al 1989), and zinc gluconate by intratesticular injection. In fact, the intratesticular treatment with an injectable zinc gluconate (neutralized in arginine) has been approved in 2003 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in dogs (ACC&D 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on reproductive parameters and health of rats, and to evaluate the AgNPs biodistribution in order to develop a nanotechnological contraceptive agent for male animals. Treated animals received 220 lL of AgNPs solution (0.46 mg-Ag/ml) in each testicle and were euthanized: seven, 14, 28, and 56 days after injection. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of motile sperm in D7 (8.8%) was observed, comparing to the control (73.3%), D14 (86.0%), D28 (68.2%), and D56 (90.0%) groups. D7 group also presented a decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of normal spermatozoa. Additionally, D7 group showed an increase (p < 0.05) in abnormal midpiece and sperm head morphology compared to the Control group. Seminiferous tubules presented all germline cell types and spermatozoa for all groups. However, D7 group did not present spermatozoa in the epididymis, whereas some spermatozoa and cellular debris were visible in D14 and D28 groups. All animals presented hematological parameters, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase values within the normal limits for Wistar rats. The percentage of silver found in the liver was always higher than in the other organs analyzed. A pioneering mathematical model is proposed, from which the half-life time of silver in the liver (17 days), spleen (23 days), lungs (30 days), and kidneys (35 days) was extracted. In conclusion, some acute and severe toxic effects were observed in sperm cells following intratesticular injection of AgNPs, although these effects were reversible. No adverse effects to general animal health were observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

et al. 2020

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“…Although CaCl 2 castration seems to be an appropriate non-surgical strategy in the terms of efficacy, cost, animal welfare and metabolic issues in albino rats, cats, dogs, and Black Bengal goats [2][3][4][5][6][7], little is known about its impacts on the physiological status of body across a time-window study. In an attempt to explore the dosedependent response of different animal species to intratesticular injection of CaCl 2 , previous studies reported that this method of chemo-castration was not accompanied with long-term stress reactivity [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical castration versus chemical castration in donkeys: response of stress, lipid profile and redox potential biomarkers

Abou-Khalil

Ali

et al. 2020

BMC Vet Res

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Background: Castration is a husbandry practice raising important questions on the welfare and physiological status of farm animals. Searching for effective castration methods that minimally compromise the body physiology is worthy of attention. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the differential response of biological systems in donkeys to surgical castration versus the chemical one by CaCl 2 with special emphasis on stress, lipid profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Donkeys were divided randomly and equally into two groups; the chemical (Ch) and surgical (S) groups (n = 6). The Ch group was chemically castrated by intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl 2 dissolved in absolute ethanol. Blood samples were collected prior to castration and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after the beginning of experiment. Results: Surprisingly, the Ch group at the end of the experiment was characterized by significantly higher cortisol level compared to the S group. TC and LDL-C levels in the S group significantly decreased at day 45, while TG levels significantly increased at days 45 and 60 in comparison with day 0. HDL-C levels at days 30 and 60 in the Ch group significantly increased in comparison with day 0. At day 30 post-castration, HDL-C was significantly higher and LDL-C was significantly lower in the Ch group than the S group. A significant elevation in TC and LDL-C was observed at day 45 and in HDL-C at the end of experimental duration in the Ch group when compared with the S group. TPX level was significantly lower and TAC was significantly higher in the Ch group at day 45 than the S group. Conclusion: Surgical castration evoked less stress and minor changes in lipid profile and oxidant/antioxidant balance relative to chemical castration by intratesticular 20% CaCl 2 dissolved in absolute ethanol.

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“…A variety of chemical sterilants for neutralization have been used, but few products have been effective, safe or available for regular uses [11]. Researchers have used chemical agents for the castration of male dogs by intratesticular injection such as calcium chloride [3, 4, 8, 12], cadmium chloride [13], ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate [14], danazol [15], Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) [15], glycerol [16], and lactic acid [17]. Among the common chemical sterilants available for chemical sterilization, zinc gluconate (with different brand names like Neutersol®/ Esterisol®) is considered a noncarcinogenic, nonteratogenic, and nonmutagenic material [18] and it can be used as a chemical sterilant agent in puppies [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical sterilization with intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate in adult dogs: a preliminary report

Rafatmah

Mogheiseh

Eshghi

2019

Basic Clin. Androl.

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Background Chemical sterilization with zinc gluconate is being developed due to its permanent contraceptive effect in prepubertal dogs. In this study, five healthy adult dogs were selected randomly. Semen samples were collected and analyzed before the study to confirm normal testicular function. Under general anesthesia, pH neutralized zinc gluconate was injected directly into their testes. Testes diameter, ultrasonographic appearance, changes in the percentage of white blood cells, and testosterone concentration were monitored twice a week before and 1 month after the injection. At the end of the study, the dogs were castrated and their testes were removed for histopathological evaluation. Results The general health of all dogs was normal after the injection. The appearance of testicular swelling was limited within 2 days of treatment. The average diameter of left and right testes was 2.48 and 2.03 cm before the injection and reached to diameter 2.12 and 2.15 cm, respectively, at the end of the study. Serum testosterone concentration was 4.2 ng/ml at the start and 4 ng/ml at the end of the study. The percentage of white blood cells at the start and end of the study were within normal ranges reported for dogs. Histopathological analyses indicate a degeneration of germ cells in seminiferous tubules, but Leydig cells retained their structure. Conclusions Therefore, It is inferred that the injection of pH neutralized zinc gluconate into the adult dogs’ testes resulted in the loss of sperm-producing tissue without affecting the production of testosterone and the general health of adult dogs.

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Effects of intratesticular vs intraepididymal calcium chloride sterilant on testicular morphology and fertility in dogs

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

Surgical castration versus chemical castration in donkeys: response of stress, lipid profile and redox potential biomarkers

Chemical sterilization with intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate in adult dogs: a preliminary report

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