Effects of ischemia–reperfusion on the absorption and esterase metabolism of diltiazem in rat intestine

13C stable isotope labeling followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF MS) was applied to identify the metabolites of honokiol in rat small intestines

“…14,15 It not only has many transporters, but also expresses a range of both phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. 14,[16][17][18][19][20][21] Mequindox, glucuronidase and testosterone can be metabolized in the small intestine by different enzymes. [22][23][24] Besides, large numbers of bacteria and their respective enzymes in the small intestine also have the ability to metabolize drugs or drug conjugates.…”

Reversible Inhibitory Effects of Saturated and Unsaturated Alkyl Esters on the Carboxylesterases Activity in Rat Intestine

“…In situ perfusion experiments were performed primarily based on a previously described method [13,21,22] with modifications. Briefly, Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used.…”

Intestinal enzymatic metabolism of drugs

“…It was, moreover, the aim to determine whether the collected porcine intestinal mucosa and juice maintained their metabolic capacity at concentrations of drugs which saturated the hydrolytic enzymes of the SIF/P. For this study, the drugs oseltamivir phosphate, atazanavir carbamate, diloxanide furoate, diltiazem hydrochloride, cephalothin sodium and cefoxitin sodium (Figure 1) were chosen for their susceptibility to enzymatic metabolism, which is facilitated by the presence of amide and/or ester groups on their structure and by low molecular mass [5–7] …”

“…For this study, the drugs oseltamivir phosphate, atazanavir carbamate, diloxanide furoate, diltiazem hydrochloride, cephalothin sodium and cefoxitin sodium ( Figure 1) were chosen for their susceptibility to enzymatic metabolism, which is facilitated by the presence of amide and/or ester groups on their structure and by low molecular mass. [5][6][7] Porcine intestinal juice and porcine intestinal mucosa were expected to show different metabolic profiles in comparison with SIF/P, since their compositions are enriched by many elements missing in the artificial fluid. Finally, the two alternative models would be advantageous being easily available and inexpensive, thus suitable for routines analyses.…”