Effects of Kaolinite (Macsumsuk) and Herb Mixtures on the Quality and Physicochemical Properties of Pork

Abstract

The current study was conducted to identify technology for the production of high quality pork, based on the meat consumption habits of consumers. Macsumsuk, a type of kaolinite (a clay mineral), and/or a mixture of herbs (Mori Folium, Sophorae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Citri Leiocarpae Exocarpium, and Pogostemi Herba) were added to the diets of fattening pigs. Sixty barrow pigs (4 kinds of treatment × 5 pigs/treatment × 3 replicates) were randomly assigned to either the Control (no additives), T1 (3% Macsumsuk), T2 (3% Herb mixtures), or T3 (3% Macsumsuk + 3% Herb mixtures) groups, and were fed the diets for 60 d. Dressed weights were in the order of T1 (93.40±4.68kg) > T2 (91.40±6.52kg) > Control (88.80±1.57kg) > T3 (86.80±2.01kg). Back-fat thickness of the Control animals (23.2±1.03) was significantly greater than that of the various treatment groups (p<0.01). Numeric values representing the carcass yield and quality grade were higher for all the treated groups than the Control group, thought the difference was not statistically significant. Crude fat content was significantly higher in the Control group (2.23±0.34%) than in the treated groups (p<0.05). The addition of both Macsumsuk and herb mixtures into the diets of the pigs significantly reduced cooking loss of the pork compared to the Control (p<0.05). No statistically significant changes were observed in the shear force (average 5.87±0.54 kg/cm2), water holding capacity (average 54.59±3.16%), or CIE values of the pork, whereas cholesterol levels significantly decreased (p<0.01) in those fed Macsumsuk and/or the herb mixtures. No significant changes in fatty acid composition, total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), or UFA/SFA ratios were observed by any of the treatments. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study suggest that the addition of Macsumsuk and/or herb mixtures into the diets of growing and fattening pigs improves the pork quality by reducing cooking loss, decreasing cholesterol content, and enhancing sensory characteristics.

<b>Growth performance, meat quality, and carcass characteristics in growing and fattening Hanwoo steers fed bentonite

“…In other words, the addition of bentonite to the diets of growing and fattening Hanwoo steer did not affect meat quality. Kim et al (2014) performed a study where pigs were fed with Kaolinite (Macsumsuk) and herb mixtures, and reported that there was no significant reduction in cooking loss of the pork from that the control, except for shear force and water holding capacity. Means with the different superscripts in the same line are significantly different(p < 0.05).…”

Effects of dietary administration of Macsumsuk®on growth and stress to low salinity and low dissolved oxygen in whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) juveniles

“…Nevertheless, the growth performances such as WG, FE, PER and survival of fish fed different levels of 0% up to 2% song‐gang stone were not significant. Macsumsuk ® is a clay mineral (Kim et al, ), and according to the mineral profile of Macsumsuk ® , it consists of Fe > Ca > Na > Mg > K in sequence. Davis and Gatlin () recommended seven minerals (Ca, Cu, P, K, Mg, Se and Zn) to incorporate into Penaeid shrimp and lobster feeds not only for growth also for tissue deposits, acting as substrates to optimize enzyme reactions.…”

“…In addition to the utilization of macro‐ and micronutrients, the fish feed industry has been concerned about feed additives to achieve better growth performance and health. Macsumsuk ® is in kaolinite family can be classified as clay minerals containing SiO 2 (73.0%), Al 2 O 3 (13.8%), Fe 2 O 3 (3.04%) and CaO (2.34%), and pH value is 10; it radiates far infrared rays of 108–133 Hz (Kim et al, ). Macsumsuk ® is purified through ore‐dressing, burning out and powdering after mining from Macsumsuk ® mines, which is being used widely from high‐tech industrial materials to the household as a medicine and for medical products and the purification of water and air (Shahkar, Park, Lee, Kwak, & Bai, ).…”

“…The use of such clay minerals in animal diets balances moisture contents and helps to remove unfavourable smells in faeces, and it also improves growth and feed efficiency (Son, Kim, Hong, & Lee, ). Also, it increases the retention time of feed in the gut resulting in better nutrient digestibility (Harms & Darmron, ; Kim et al, ). Meat quality characters like low cooking loss and cholesterol level and high palatability were improved by Macsumsuk ® and/or herb mixtures in pork diets (Kim et al, ).…”

“…Also, it increases the retention time of feed in the gut resulting in better nutrient digestibility (Harms & Darmron, ; Kim et al, ). Meat quality characters like low cooking loss and cholesterol level and high palatability were improved by Macsumsuk ® and/or herb mixtures in pork diets (Kim et al, ). Nevertheless, Shahkar et al () observed improved growth performances, haematology and innate immunity for Edwardsiella tarda infection in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) by dietary Macsumsuk ® .…”